Productivity (Continued) 

 of marine phytoplaiiltton, zooplatik- 



ton and fish compared, 361 

 of plankton in Block Island Sound, 



361 

 of tropics as not fully realized, 350 

 primary: 



measurement of carbon-dioxide 

 in photosynthesis to determine 

 net amount of in aquatic habi- 

 tats, 203 



measurement of oxygen in photo- 

 synthesis to determine net 

 amount of in aquatic habitats, 

 203 



measuring amounts of chloro- 

 phyll in plankton to determine, 

 203-204 



measuring annual woody incre- 

 ment of trees and shrubs, 204 



measuring carbon dioxide incre- 

 ment in fertile eutrophic lakes 

 to determine, 203 



measuring net amount of in her- 

 baceous plants on land, 204 



measuring of gross amounts in 

 slow-flowing streams, 204 



measuring of in fast-flowing 

 streams, 204 



measuring of net amounts in slow- 

 flowing streams, 204 



measuring oxygen deficit in 

 fertile eutrophic lakes to 

 determine, 203 



measuring rate and extent of 

 nitrate and phosphate depletion 

 in aquatic habitats to determine, 

 203 



problems in measurement of in 

 flowing streams, 204 



use of photosynthesis to measure 

 gross amount of in aquatic 

 habitats, 203 

 secondary; 



calculating by offering food, 204- 

 205 



calculating gross amounts of, 204 



calculating mortaiity from non- 

 predatory causes in determin- 

 ing, 205 



determining amount of food 

 required by species in calcu- 

 lating, 204-205 



measuring influence of environ- 

 mental factors in calculating, 

 204-205 



use of maximum biomass in 

 calculating net amounts of, 204 

 standing crop, defined in, 21 

 terms in which expressed, 202-203 

 twenty- four hour day as smallest 

 practicable unit for measuring, 

 202-203 



Productivity (Continued) 



year as most useful unit for 



measurement of, 202-203 



Productivity Values (st't> (ilsu 



Productivity; Productivity 



Yield): 



and double base of food chain, 206 



and luxuriance of vegetation, 205 



complications in study of in flowing 

 waters, 206 



measurement of at Lake Mendota, 

 Wisconsin, 205 



of coral reefs, 206 



of lakes as complete ecosystems, 

 206 



of plants in use of solar radiation, 

 205 



of reservoirs as complete eco- 

 systems, 206 



role of transformers in, 205-206 



studies in with use of plankton, 206 

 Productivity Yield (see also Produc- 

 tivity; Productivity Values): 



artificial fertilization in mainten- 

 ance of, 208 



as objective in applied ecology, 207 



calculation of in terms of biomass 

 for organisms without specific 

 adult size, 208 



determining point of inflection in 

 population growth curve to find 

 optimum, 207-208 



factors in maintenance of in undis- 

 turbed ecosystems, 208 



higher rate of when taken by man 

 as primary consumer, 207 



increased rate of with fewer links 

 in food chain, 207 



in upwelling ocean waters, 361-362 



maximum sustained, determining 

 of as problem in applied ecology, 

 207 



need for studies in estimating 

 optimum of, 208 



optimum sustained, experiments 

 in relations between, and point 

 of inflection in population 

 growth curve, 208 



predation as natural force in 

 maintaining maximum, 208 



rate of and net production, 207 



rate of and ratio of immature to 

 adults, 216-217 



reduction in and position of species 

 in trophic levels, 207 



use of life tables in determining, 

 212 

 Profundal Zone of Lakes, 71-73 

 Protective Devices of Plants: 



paucity of, 192 



poison as, 192 



prickles and thorns as, 192 



shelter and vegetation as, 247-249 



Protective Device(s) ol Animals 



{see also Adjustment(s) to 



Terrestrial Habitat(s)): 

 ability to hang from trees as, 346 

 aggressive resemblance, described . 



192-194 

 aposematic or warning coloration, 



described, 194 

 Batesian mimicry as, 194 

 concealing coloration as, 192-194 

 experiments to prove value of, 



194 

 in carnivores, 194 

 value of, 194 

 deflective spots and colors, 194 

 directive markings on carnivores 



as, 194 

 disruptive, rfescn7)erf, 192-194 

 evolution of in small mammals 



and snails, 265 

 formation of circle by bison as, 



328 

 hair-raising by pronghorn antelopes 



as, 328 

 in arctic tundra, white coloration 



as, 319-320 

 in desert, burrowing as to escape 



high temperatures, 338 

 in desert, coloration as, 339 

 in grassland, coloration as, 329 

 in inter- tidal habitats, 352 

 in trophic levels and rates of 



reproduction, 196-198 

 Mullerian mimicry as, 194 

 obliterative coloration, described, 



194 

 of rocky marine shores, 364 

 protective resemblance, described, 



192-194 

 species exhibiting aggressive 



resemblance as, 192-194 



Range Management, restoration of 

 balanced populations of species 

 in, 128-127 

 flapids, defined, 43 

 Realm(s): 

 Arctogaeie or northland. regions 

 composing as lacking markedly 

 distinct fauna, 268-269 

 distinctiveness of fauna Neogaeie 



or new land, 268- 269 

 distinctiveness of fauna of Noto- 



gaeic or southland. 268-269 

 fauna of northeastern Arctogaeie, 



270-271 

 kinds and location of, list. 269 

 regional divisions of Arctogaeie, 

 270-271 

 Receptors, 13 

 Reflex, defined, 13 



Index 437 



