Succession (Conliniicd) 

 insects in, 24, 24-25, 25 

 man in, 24-25 

 role of angiosperms in, 24 

 role of birds in, 24, 24-25, 26 

 role of conifers in, 24 

 imbalance in trophic levels during, 



207 

 in abandoned fields, 115-116 

 in balanoid- gastropod- thallophyte 



biome of sea, 364 

 influence of substratum in, 102 

 in forests, character of food avail- 

 able from decay of logs influ- 

 ential in, 135 

 occurrence of on all primary and 



secondary fare areas, 119 

 of animal seres in ponds, 81 

 of animal seres in rock, 104-105 

 of insect species found in dung, 125 

 of plant hydrosere in ponds, 79-81 

 of plants and equilibrium of habitat 



and community, 163 

 of plant seres in rock, 102-104 

 of spider communities in sand 



sere, 109 

 physiographic: 

 inundations of sea as causing, 24 

 mountain erosion in, 24 

 plant, retarding of to prevent 



disappearance of habitat, 91 

 process of, explained. 21 

 stages in and maturity of soil 



profile, 170 

 stages of in humid climates, 120 

 Swamp(s): 

 as early serai stage of magnolia- 

 oak forest, 294 

 differences of from bogs, 92 

 forest, invasion of by swamp 



facies, 81 

 forest, stages in sere of dependent 



or climate of region, 81 

 forest, trees in, 79-81 

 shrubs of, 79-81 

 Symbiosis (see also Commensalism; 

 Mutualism; Parasitism): 

 defined, 176 

 in coral reefs, 366 

 Symmetrical muscles, and locomo- 

 tion, 12-13 

 Synecology (see Ecology, Subdivis- 

 ions of): 



Taxes, defined. 12 



Taxonomic Composition of Com- 

 munities: 

 average populations in as affected 

 by number of microhabitats, 

 255 



Taxonomic Composition of Com- 

 munities (Continued) 



decrease in variety of species in 

 with extreme or impoverished 

 habitats, 255 



ecological equivalents in, 256 



few species, as furnishing greatest 

 bulk of population in, 255 



great variety in with fertile or 

 favorable habitats, 255 



segregation of related species into 

 adjacent habitats and communi- 

 ties in, 255-256 



wide variety in during early colon- 

 ization of bare area, 255 

 Taxonomy: 



allopatric species defined in, 258 



as basis for subdivisions of biome, 

 276 



differentiation in and size of area, 

 272 



difficulty of assigning rank to 

 subspecies in, 257-258 



difficulty of recognizing species 

 in, 257 



fossils of animals in different 

 geological strata grouped as 

 same species in, 257 



isolation of subspecies and con- 

 sequent evolution into species, 

 258 



populations in, defined, 257 



position of cloves in, 264 



sibling species in, defined. 258 



species in, defined, 257 



subspecies in, defined, 257-258 



sympatric species in, defined 258 



use of biotic province concept in 

 study of, 272 

 Temperature(s): 



adjustments to by coniferous forest 

 animals in winter, 309 



adjustments to by homoiotherms, 

 98-99 



adjustments to by poikilotherms, 

 98 



aggregation by animals as method 

 of coping with, 175 



amelioration of since nineteenth 

 century and increase in abun- 

 dance of species, 234 



and arctic and antarctic marine 

 fauna, 370 



and depth distribution of soil 

 animals, 171 



and hibernation, 137 



and increased surface area in 

 plankton organisms, 60 



and metabolic rate, 10 



and poleward limits of warm- 

 water fauna, 370 



and reversal of dominance, 246 



TeHiperature(s) (Continued) 



as affecting absence of animal life 

 from deep water, 42-43 



as affecting coaction between host 

 and parasitoid, 227 



as creating inaccuracies in sweep 

 net sampling of insects, 37 



as factor in life- cycle of soil 

 animals in forest, 131-132 



as factor in morphological varia- 

 tion among fish, 7 



as lowered by advancing ice of 

 Pleistocene era, 284 



as related to increase in elevation, 

 313 



atmospheric, of arctic tundra, 315 



average in temperate deciduous 

 forest biome in North America, 

 293 



body, control of by animals other 

 than birds and mammals, 98 



body, rise in and increase of 

 physiological functions, 98 



compared, of deciduous and coni- 

 ferous forests, 121 



compared on north and south facing 

 slopes of grasslands, 124 



constant body, development of 

 birds and mammals, 98 



correlation between and sunspots, 

 243 



effect of on fecundity of organisms, 

 211 



effect of on population density of 

 insects, 230 



effect of with low relative humidity 

 on warm-blooded animals, 10 



high, adjustments to by desert 

 animals, 338 



high, as critical environmental 

 factor in deserts, 338 



importance of in controlling distri- 

 bution of animals according to 

 CHart Merriam, 274 



influence of on body structure, 9 



influence of on location of species, 9 



influence of on migration, 9, 158 



influence of on number of young, 9 



influence of on pigmentation of 

 animals, 9 



in grasslands, 324-325 



in Great Basin desert, 332-333 



in lakes: 

 and annual heat budget, 63 

 deep, and circulation of water, 61 

 dimictic, 63 



during various seasons, 61-63 

 effect of on distribution of plank- 

 ton, 69 

 monomictic, 63 

 of the first order, 63 

 of the second order, 63 



444 



Index 



