mi:m(>ii;s oi- riiic national acaiu'.mv oi' scii'.ncrs. 233 



Wliih' this si-rit's is inu small lo fiiiiiilc us to institute a iiiTlcctly satisliiclory coinparison 

 betwo«ii it and others, w« have ucvcrthclfss (iblaincil data sullicii'iit to allow us to coucliulc that, 

 with n'}iaril to tliis i-lass of aiioinalii-s, tho Cibohms am in close icdation to the Saladoans and the 

 Peruvians, ami widely separated from other American races and from the restof the world. 

 \\ i;{. NASA], ClIAKACTKKS. NASAL INOKX. CIISOLA. 



Tiic average nasal index is neafly the same in both the Saladoan and the Cibolan series; that 

 of the lormerbeiuK r>l.(>(i, and that of tlie latter 51..S8 (Table Lxxxiv). Tlie remarks, theretbre, 

 which apply to the oni> apply as well to the other. In respect to the maximum and minimum of 

 tiiis index, also, the two series correspond closely. The maxima are: For the Saladoan 01.11; 

 for the ("ibolan (i(>.4(i. The minima are: For the former 44.L'.3; for the latter 45.()!». 



The character of the lower border of the nasal aperture or iThancruiv, of tlie ("ibolans seems 

 from sucli cviileiico as we possess to be inferior only to that of the Eurojieans and SaIa<loans. For 

 the two hifrhest classes A + A' (see Table Lxxxix) their percentajre is W^.'l.i. The lowest class, E, 

 simian irut ter, has no representative. Over one-third of the scries belon<j to class li. The relatitm 

 with rejiard to this chara,steristic, which the Oibolans sustain to other races, will be seen by com- 

 paring Table Lxxxix with the tables in § 24. 



* 44. TORSION Ol' THE Hi:MEI{i;S. CII50LA. 



The averajje auf^le of torsion (154.27°) of all the humeri, 48 in number, of this series is higher 

 than that of any race recorded by Broca except the Mexicans (1.550) and the Europeans. As his 

 Mexican series numbers only 2 it is scarcely worthy of being cited in compari.son. Excluding the 

 Mexicans, the Oibolans follow in respect to this feature next after the Saladoans and Europeans in 

 the category of the human race, as far as we have seen the record. They are widely separated 

 from other American races. (See Tables xc and xci.) • 



Like the majority of mankind, and unlike the Saladoans, the Cibolans have the maximum 

 angle of torsion on the left side. Not 1 but 5 angles on the left are higher than the highest angle 

 on the riylit. The miunnum is on the right side and there are 3 angles of the right lower than the 

 h)west of the left. 



The maxinuim angle of torsion of the Cibolans (178°) is higher than the maximum angle of 

 Saladoans and, as far as Broca's tables inform us higher than the maximum of anj^ i>eopIe except 

 the French. But the average of the highest 3 angles (173°) is not so great as the average of the 

 highest 3 Saladoan angles (I750). 



The average of all the left humeri, 23 in number, is 159.20°, while that of all the light humeri, 

 25 in number, is but 149.-10O, a difterence in favor of the left of nearly 10°. This is a higher differ- 

 ence than exists in anyone of Broca's series, which represents more than two bones, except the 

 Arabians and Kabylcs + El Goleah, in which the ditterence is 10.27°. 



The variation is greater on the left than on the right; on the one side it lias a lange of 35°, 

 on the other a range of 20°. 



i^ 1.-.. THE OLECRANON PERFORATION. CIBOLA. 



The Cibolans present this anomaly in a much less degree than the ancient people of the Salt 

 River Valley, the so-called Mound-Builders, the Guanches, and other peoples. The perforations 

 a])pear in only 19.6 per cent of the humeri of the Cibolans, while the humeri of the Saladoans show 

 .53.9 per cent. 



The ancient people of the Zufli Valley, no doubt, ground their corn in the same manner as did 

 the ancient inhabitants of the Salt River Valley, aiul it may very pertinently be asked why the 

 humeri of the former are not .so often perforated as those of the latter. Retaining the hjiJOthesis 

 before mentioned that the method of grinding corn was an important factor in producing the 

 olecranon perforatirm, we account for this diifercnce by supposing that the Cibolans subsisted less 

 on corn, and hence had less occasion to grind it than their more Western congeners. The land 

 around Zuni is not nearly so prolific as that of the Salt River Valley, the climate is colder, and 

 agriculture is far less remunerative. The mountains adjacent to Zufd, heavily timbcrad, abound 

 in game, and it is probable that the ancient Cibolans lived more by the chase and less by agricul- 

 ture than the ancient Saladoans. 



