56 



MEMOIIIS OF THE NATIOiSTAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. 



The conclusion seems to be with our present knowledge that the Lepidoptera, Tricboptera, 

 and Diptera may possibly have had a common ancestry, and that it iriay be found that the 

 Lepidoptera was the tirst to be differentiated, and the Diptera the last, since they are more highly 

 modified. The line of descent of the metabolous orders might tentatively be thus expressed: 



h/menoptcra 



Nzuroptera 

 riatyptera-like-forras 



Vlll.— ATTEMPT AT A NEW CLASSIFICATION OF THE LEPIDOPTERA. 

 The first step toward a scientific classification of the Lepidoptera was taken by Dr. Chapman 

 in his suggestive paper on neglected points in the pupM' of lleterocerous Lepidoptera. 

 division of the groups based on pupal characters is the following: 



His 



I.EPIDOI'TEIiA-HETEROCEKA. 



A. Obtect.e. Pupa smooth ami roinnk'd, externally solid, inner dissepiments flimsy. Free segments in both 



sexes fifth and nixtli (abdominal). Never emerges from cocoon, or progresses in any way. 

 Dehiscence by irregular fracture. 



1. Macros. Larva with hooks of ventral prolegs on inner side only. (Exposed feeders.) Sphinges, 



Bombyces, Noliihv, yi/cteolula-, Xoctuina, Geometra: 



2. Pp-aUnU. Larva with completo circle of hooks to ventral prolegs. (Concealed feeders.) ryrales, 



riiijcidii; Emhirida; Cnimhkhr, (ielechida; PlutelUdiv, (Jicophorida: (Epifiniphiidii; Alucilicla'.) 

 ^- '• Doubtful wlicther I'yraloids or of separate (classificatory ) value. H<jponijme,iitida. Ariiyresthida', 



Colcophoridii: (Perittia?). (Klachistiibc ?). 



B. Ixco.Mi'i.ET.E. Pupa less solid and rounded, appendages often partially free. Free segments may extend 



upward to third (abdominal). Seventh always free in nuile, fixed in female. Dehiscence 

 accompanied by freeing of segments and appendages previously fixed. (Except in 1) pupa 

 progresses and emerges from cocoon. 



1. Pupa attached by cremaster. Free segments. 4 5 6 7. 4 5 (i. Plerophorina. 



2. Pupa fi-ee to move and emerge from cocoon. 



a. Larva concealed feeder, often a miner, and usually rather active when not cramped by the mine. 



1. Free segments. 5 fi. 5 fi 7. Lithocollctida; Gracilniiidu: 



2. Free segments. 4 5 (i. 4 5 6 7. 



fl. TiNE.E {TineUhr, I'sychidii', Sesiidn-). 



i. TORTHICES {Tortricina, Cossits, Exapale, Simnethh). (Castnia.) 



3. Free segments. 3 4 5 t>. 3 4 5 (i 7. 



a. Zeuzeha and IIepiaias tend to lose third as a free segment (arc gaining it as a fixed segment). 



h. Tl.SCHElilA. 



c Adelid.e. Ovipositor (of imago) formed for piercing plant (issues. 

 d. Nepticvi.id.e. Antenuio separate from head in dehiscence. 

 h. Larva exposed feeder. Slug-like in form and movement, head very retractile. Free segments 

 34567. 345 (i. ' ' 



1. Microptehygid/E.' Eight pairs abdominal legs, curious appendages, moss feeders. 



2. CocHi,iOPOi)iD/E. Legs evanescent, but traces of extra pairs and of curious appendages. Max. pulps 



large in pupa, not in imago. 



3. Zygaenmd.e. Legs of Macro type. Max. palps evanescent in pupa. 



' I have only seen a portion of a pupa of these and of Psychids. I have had none of my own, and have not been 

 able to examine them freely. — T. A. C. 



