86 



MEMOIES OF THE XATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIEJSXES. 



It may be remarked that Spuler agrees witli Braiier and Redtenbacher, as well as Haase, that 

 Adolph's system of convex and coucave veins Is entirely erroneous. 



We adopt, then, Spnler's system of venation, and earnestly trust that it may be generally 

 accepted as simple, intellioible, and applicable to all orders of insects, based as it is on 

 ontogenetic, as well as anatomical, grounds. 



The following system applies to the Le])idoptera as well as all other orders. Fig. 52 

 represents the venation of a Notodontian {Heterocampa ohliqua). We merely deviate, from 

 motives of convenience and for the sake of uniformity, from Spuler's numeration of the two anal 

 veins, by numbering them VI and ^'II, instead of designating them by the Greek letters a fi. 



Fig. 



!.— Venation of Heterocampa nbliqv.a: the names of the veins as designated below^ d, 

 anterior: d\ posterior diseal vein : /. freunlnni : sc. subcostal cell. 



The following table will show the numbers and names of the five veins of the outspread 

 portion of the wing and two (rarely three) of the fan like or inner i)ortion. Instead of denoting 

 the veins by the noun and adjective as, for exa!ui)le, the median vein, we may, with Comstock, 

 call it in descriptions or diagnoses, media, or refer to it as Vein III. 



I. Costa. V. First anal (submedian). 



II. Subcosta (radius). VI. Second anal (internal). 



III. Media. VII. Third anal. 



IV. Cubitus (median vein of some authors). 



rAKIIAL BIBLIOGRAPHY. 



Mailer, Erit:. lieitriige zur Keniitnlss tier Termiten. .Jenaiscli. Zeitschr. f. Naturw., 1875. 



Braiier, F. Ansicbteii iiber die palaozoisclien lusekten uiid dereu Deiituug. Aunal K. K. uatnrh. Hofiiius. 

 Wien, i, pp. 86-126. 2 PL 1886. 



Bedhnbacher, Joseph. VerglcicUeude i^tudieii iiber das Fliigelgeader der Insecteu. (Amuiliji ilcs K. K. Natnrh. 

 Hofmns., Bd. i, pp. 153-231.) 12 Pis. Wien, 18.S6. Abstr. by J. H. Comstock iu Aiiier. Nat., xxi, jip. 932-934. 1887. 



Biaiicr, F., «. Uedtenhaclier, J. Ein Beitrag ziir Eutwicklung des Fliigelgeiiders der Insekten. Zool. Aiiz., 1888, 

 pp. 143-447. 



Haase, Erich. Zur Entwicklung der Fliigelrippeu der 8cbmetterliuge. Zool. Auz.. xiv. 1891, pp. 116-117. 



Spuler, A. Zur Phylogenle und Ontogeuie des Fliigelgeiiders der Scbmetterliuge. Zeits. wisseus. Zoologie. liii, 

 pp. 597-646. 2 I'l. 1892. 



Comstock, J. H. Evolution and Taxonomy, etc. Ithacn, N. Y. 1-93. 



