262 MEMOIES OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIEifCES. 



Oioiio. 3Ie. (Mrs. Fernald); Biuuswick. Me. (Packard); Lawreuce, Mass. (Mr. Treat, Mus. 

 Comp. Zool.); Provideuce, E. I. (Packard); ]S>w York (Dyar, Hulst); Plattsburg, iST. Y. (Hudson); 

 Pennsylvania (Grote, Amer. Ent. .Soc); i^c^r Jersey, Pennsylvania (Palm): Georgia (Leconte); 

 .Maryland (Mus. Comi). Zool). Larva t'ound on Indian Eiver opposite Micco, Fla. (Prof. J. W. P. 

 Jenks). 



Subfamily Cerukin^e. 



Head broad and full: antenna* with long, close pectinations in both sexes, in S the branches 

 being unusually long. Labial palpi reduced, three-jointed, the third and other Joints when 

 denuded not being distinct, while the scales are slender and sparse compared with those of other 

 aSTotodontians. Fore wings moderately long and narrow, the outer edge either quite oblique or 

 moderately so. Hind wings generally produced. Abdomen often broad and very hairy at the end 

 in i . Color, white or jiale ash, with brown-black transverse lines, sometimes eight in number; 

 a discal ringlet; thorax and abdomen transversely striped. 



Cocoon very dense, oval, ilatteued, the edges broad and thin: well rounded above. Often 

 covered with bits of bark and wood. Attached to the bark of trees. 



Pupa cylindrical, a little flattened beneath; rounded at each end; with no cremaster. 



Larva with abroad prothoracic segment, in which the head is partially retractile, and bearing 

 a pair of lateral tubercles. Anal legs converted into long slender fllamental legs (stemapoda), 

 eai-h ending in an eversible tiagellum. Y'oung larva with a pair of long, hornlike prothoracic 

 tubercles, and the stemapods a little longer than the body. 



The following account of the mode of emergence (if the Ceruras from their cocoons, by 

 Dr. T. A. Chapman, will i>rove interesting: 



iSome pupa' are able to turn around in their cocoons, but I tliink the majority have their backs to the tree and 

 their fronts to the exposed portion of the cocoon, and are practically tixed in their position. Then all the cocoons 

 I have examined (tliirty or forty) have a decidedly thinner place over the front of the head; it is larger than the 

 cross section of the pupa; it contains fewer chips, and, held against the light, is unite translucent, while the rest 

 of the cocoon is opaque. This is the portion of cocoon that is operated on for emergence, 



I stated (loc. cit. ) that the pupa- of our Ceruras were fairly ronnded in front; in this I was decidedly in error, 

 for tiiiiila has nearly as pronounced a keel on the head as C. midlhcriptd. to which I referred. Our "kittens'' are 

 much smoother, though the same structure is indicated. It was observing this structure of riniiia that tempted me 

 to try to make further observations. I made a detailed description of this portion of the impa of v'niula. but I 

 may omit it, as I made no observations that connected any habit with any peculiarity of this portion of the jinpa'. 



The dehiscence of the pupa consists in the thorax splitting dorsally and the division, proceeding to either side, 

 separating the wings from the first three .abdominal segments; the autenme cases sometimes adhere to the wings, 

 sometimes are separate; the leg and mouth-p.art coverings form a separate piece, whose apes tends to adhere to 

 wings and abdomen. But the head covering, consisting of the ridge (or keel) and hollow on either side of it, the 

 eye covers (including the glazed side portion), the face down to a certain incision, .and a small portion below which 

 is prob.ably the labrum, separates as a distinct portion during the whole period of emergence and until the head 

 is quite clear of the cocoon and often even after the moth has comiiletely escaped, and is always found outside the 

 cocoon. During this period the rudimentary proboscis is very visible as two short white papilhe, free from any 

 hairs, and it is just above the base of these that the softening fluid exudes. This fluid is stated to be acid; this I 

 did not test, but X found it to be colorless and tasteless, and it evaporated without residue; applied to the material 

 of cocoon it softened it, but not at all rapidly. The moth makes many rotatory movements afterthe splitting of 

 the ])upa case, no doubt in order to smear bis fluid over the necessary area of the cocoon, and we here see how 

 little further is wanted to reach a habit similar to that of miUiauseri. especially as the smearing process and delay 

 for softening takes a considerable time, jirobably more than five minutes, possibly half an hour. This appears also 

 from the amount of flntt' rubbed about inside the cocoon in many eases. The moth keeps quite dry, and the head 

 cover is dry outside, but moist within, when removed from the newly emerged moth; its function appears to be to 

 protect the front of the moth during the movements of smearing and as a strong medium for applying the final 

 breaking force to the cocoon. This use of this portion of the pupa case is by no means confined to C'erura, but is 

 common to many moths that h.ave to break through cocoons or out of the ground. It has, however, nothing to do 

 with the actual distribution of the fluid, so far as my observations werts decisive, I made one other observation 

 that addetta new pomt to be exjilained. viz, that when the moth emerged it often brought with it pieces of very 

 delicate tissue that I passed over at first as being portions of the inner divisions of the jiupacase; they proved, 

 however, to be bits of the inner lining of the cocoon. The wall of a sound cocoon appears to be homogeneous; but 

 in a cocoon where I stopped the moth before breaking it open, but after softening, this inner layer of very fine 

 membrane is quite visible, I could not help framing several theories as to this, but as I know no more than I have 

 stated, the theories may for the present remain in abeyance, ^Entomologist, xxv, pi>. 302-304, Dec, 18;i2, Loudon,) 



