using ti'tiju-liUiiotliyU'iic, oil of ilu'iiniuiiliuiii or ctliyluk'iu' 

 cliloriilf, olitaiiK'd an efHiiuy of 100 iioici'iit in one dog, H.l 

 pi'iTont. in a second dog but. complete fnihire in 11 other 

 animals. 



Surgical intervention witli tlic removal of tlic cecum is prac- 

 ticed by some veterinarians who report veiy good results in 

 cases in wliich it is impossible to remove the worms by anthel- 

 mintic treatment. Symptoms of abdominal distress with alter- 

 nating constipation and diarrhea associated with whipworm 

 infection are said to l)e relieved permanently following re- 

 moval of the cecum. While this method will not obviate rein- 

 fection, subsequent infections in the colon are usually of very 

 light di'grec and not associated with clinical sym])toms. 



•niK.\T.Mr.NT KOR iWPILL.iRIA .\EROPHn-.\ .\ND CHKNOSOM.V 

 VULPIS IXrECTIONS 



Intratracheal injection of various medicinal substances has 

 been advocated in the treatment of these very serious parasites 

 of foxes on fur farms but it is doubtful whether any great 

 benefit has resulted. On the other hand, the develoinnent within 

 recent years of the tracheal swab-syringe and the tracheal 

 brush for the mechanical removal of Inngworms from the 

 trachea of the fox has provided a fairly satisfactory metliod 

 for the removal of worms which are actually in the trachea, the 

 instruments owing to mechanical difficulties being of little 

 value for the removal of worms from the bronchi or bronchioles. 

 Hanson (l!t33), who was largely instrumental in developing 

 this method of treatment to its present satisfactory state, has 

 l)ublishcd results of critical tests with the instruments and de- 

 tailed information concerning their use. This method of treat- 

 ment is more effective in the case of C. aerophila than with 

 Crciiosoma vulpLi, since the latter parasite is more frequently 

 located in the bronchi and bronchioles, where it cannot be 

 reached by the tracheal brush or swab. 



Recently Russian investigators have reported that a solu- 

 tion consisting of iodine, 1 gram; potassium iodide, 2 grams; 

 and water, 1,;")00 cc. is effective for the destruction of these 

 parasites when injected intratraeheally. The animal is placed 

 on its back with the head elevated at an angle of 30 degrees. 

 One-half the dose is injected while the animal is rolled slightly 

 to one side; then the animal is rolled slightly to the other 

 side and the remainder of the dose injected. The treatment 

 is repeated after 8 da.vs. Maximum doses are 3 cc. of the solu- 

 tion. It is reported that maximum doses remove 80 percent of 

 the lungworms. 



TRE.\TMENT FOR SPIROCEBCA LUPI INFECTION 



There is no anthelmintic treatment of value in this condi- 

 tion. Treatment is symptomatic with the view of relieving the 

 cough and nausea and maintaining the condition of the animal. 

 Oil of chenopodium has been suggested but it is unlikely that 

 worms in the tumors would be affected. On theoretical grounds, 

 chlorinated hydrocarbons, such as carbon tetrachloride, should 

 be more penetrating and more effective than chenopodium. 

 Suehanek (1932) reported a case of spirocercosis in a dog 

 which was diagnosed by means of X ray and the esophagoscope. 

 The dog was placed under chloral hydrate narcosis, the blade 

 of a scalpel was fixed in a pair of forceps which were passed 

 through a tube and, with the aid of the esophagoscope, the 

 tumor was removed. 



TREATMENT FOR PHYSALOPTEKA SPP. 



Ehlers (lSi31) reported on the anthelmintic treatment for in- 

 fections with Physalopicra sp. in badgers {Taxidra laxits) 

 and it is probable that the treatments found effective can be 

 used also on other animals. Tetrachlorethylene in doses of 

 0.5 to 1 cc. (8 to 1(3 minims) failed to remove the worms but 

 a dose of 5 cc. killed all physalopterids although it proved fatal 

 to one animal. Ehlers stated that the drug deserves further 

 trial in doses of 1.3 to 2 cc. (20 to 32 minims). Carbon disul- 

 phide was found to be very effective in doses of 0.8 to 1 cc. 

 (12 to Ki minims), administered after a period of fasting for 

 18 to 24 hours, and followed in ti hours by a table spoonful 

 (1.5 cc.) of castor oil mixed with honey, a mixture which bad- 

 gers will eat readily out of a spoon. While the administration 

 of a purgative is desirable, no ill effects w^ere observed in 

 those animals to which a purgative was not given. 



TREATMENT FOR DIROPILARIA IMMITIS INFECTION 



Fouadin (sodium antimony III pyrocatechin disulphonate of 

 sodium ) has been used more extensively than any other drug 

 for this condition. As .shown by Wright and Underwood (1934). 

 a suitable course of treatment results usually in the permanent 

 disappearance of microfilariae from the peripheral circulation, 

 in the sterilization of female worms, and in the eventual de 

 stniction of some or all of the adult worms in the heart and 



Body tfeiglit of dog 



pulmonary aitery. The action of Foiuidin oTi adult worms is- 

 cumulative and is exerted over a relatively long period of 

 time. The destruction of any considerable number of adult 

 worms at any one time ina.v result in embolic pneumonia or in 

 an acute toxemia with consequent danger to the life of the 

 l)atient. Cons<'(|uently, heavily infected animals should be 

 treated with caution and in such animals treatment should not 

 lie administered rajiidly, or in large doses, or at too frequent 

 intervals. The adTuinistration of moderate doses of the drug 

 over a period of time results in a central necrosis of the liver 

 and in an acute toxic nephrosis. The liver damage may lead 

 to guanidine retention with a lowering of the blood calcium 

 level. Symptoms of calcium tetany should be combated through 

 the use of calcium gluconate. Considerable judgment must be 

 exercised in the administration of this treatment and due 

 weight should be given to the presence of chronic or acute 

 disease conditions which might influence the tolerance of the 

 animal for the drug. Wright and Underwood recommended the 

 following dose rates for intramuscular and intravenous injec- 

 tions for dogs in good physical condition and not suffering 

 from cardiac, hejiatic or renal disease: these dose rates have 

 been generally followed by most veterinarians. 



IiilraitiKucuIar inject ioins 



Daily dose Daily dose Daily dose 

 for first 6 for second after sec- 

 days 6 days and 6 days- 

 cc. cc. cc. 

 Under 10 kgms. (22 lbs.) 0..1 1.0 1.0 

 10 to ir, kgms. (22 to 33 lbs.) 1.0 1..5 1.5 

 l.T to 20 kgms. (33 to 44 lbs.) 1.0 1..5 2.0 

 20 to 25 kgms. (44 to 55 lbs.) 1.5 2.0 2.0 

 Over 25 kgms. (55 lbs.) . 2.0 2.5 2.5 



Intravenous injections 



Days of treatment 



Body weight of dog 1st 3rd 5th 7th 8th 9th 10th 12th 

 ['nder 10 kgms. (22 



lbs.) - 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.5 1.5 



10 to 15 kgms. (22 to 



33 lbs.) - 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.5 2.0 2.0 2.0 



15 to 20 kgms. (33 to 



44 lbs.) -.- 1.5 1.5 1.5 2.0 2.0 2.5 2.5 2.5 



20 to 25 kgms. (44 to 



55 lbs.) 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.5 2.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 



Over 25 kgms. (55 



lbs.) 2.5 2.5 2.5 3.5 :\5 5.0 5.0 5.0 



Intramuscular injections are without apjjreciable unfavora- 

 ble local reaction and are particularly applicable for use in 

 small dogs in which the subcutaneous veins are so small as ta- 

 make intravenous injections difficult. However, intravenous ad- 

 ministration permits the use of a smaller total dose in most 

 cases, and the results desired are obtained in a shorter period 

 of time. 



In connection with other treatments, Hayes (1933) recom- 

 mended the use of an antimony preparation called "Filsol," 

 the chemical composition of which has never been made public. 

 This preparation appears to be more toxic than Fouadin and 

 should be used with even greater caution. 



Brown and Austin (1939) have published case reports on the 

 use of "Stibsol." said to be antimonial-3-catechol-thiosalicylic- 

 acid-sodium, and to contain 30 percent of antimony. The solu- 

 tion contains approximately 8.5 mg. of trivalent antimony per 

 cubic centimeter. These investigators recommend for this 

 compound the same dose rates as recommended by Wright and 

 Underwood for the intravenous injection of Fouadin. Evalua- 

 tion of the efficacy of this compound must await either the 

 publication of more extensive and more critical tests or the 

 results of field trials in relatively large numbers of cases. 



Simonelli (1936) and Lucas (1937) have reported success- 

 ful results in the treatment of canine filariasis following the 

 use of emetine hydrochloride at dose rates varying from 10 to 

 60 mgm. per day, but more critical evidence is needed before 

 this treatment can be evaluated. The drug had been previously 

 used by MacCallum (1921) for this purpose. 



Anthelmintic Medication for Nematode Parasites 

 of Swine 



TREATMENT FOR ASCARIS SUUM INFECTION 



On. OF Chenopodium. This is probably the most effective 

 treatment available at the present time. The drug is given at 

 a dose rate of V2 to 1 fluid dram (2 to 4 cc.) for a 100-pound 

 (45.5-kilogram) animal, immediately preceded or followed by 



341 



