at least 2 fluid ounces (GO ee.) of castor oil, or the drug nun- 

 be administered with the oil. Doses for animals of various 

 sizes should be computed on a weight basis, though it is likely 

 that a dose of 2 fluid drams is adequate for animals weighing 

 300 to 400 pounds (136.4 to 1S1.8 kilograms). The drug mav 

 be given with a dose syringe or by stomach tube. The animals 

 should be fasted for 18 to 24 hours prior to treatment and 

 should not be fed or watered for 3 hours after treatment. 

 Oil of chenopodium should not be given to animals suffering 

 from gastroenteritis, constipation or febrile conditions, or to 

 very young animals or sows in advanced pregnancy. If a herd 

 is to be treated without regard to possible contraindications in 

 individuals, the lower dose rate of chenopodium should be used. 



Santonin. Santoniu has been widely recommended as a 

 treatment for the removal of ascarids from swine. At various 

 times, it has been tested critically by Mote, Vadja, Shillinger, 

 and others, all of whom have found that santonin in the doses 

 commonly recommended and given in the manner usually rec 

 ommended exhibits a relatively low efficacy for the removal of 

 these worms. Under these conditions, the efficacy of santonin 

 does not compare favorably with that of oil of chenopodium. 

 More recently, Morris and Martin (1931) as well as Shcherbo- 

 vich (1935) have found that santonin administered in relative- 

 ly large doses and followed by an adequate dose of an active 

 purgative, such as magnesium sulphate or castor oil, will re- 

 move a large percentage of the ascarids from swine. Morris 

 and Martin administered santonin at dose rates varying be- 

 tween 1/6 to % grain (10.7 to 43 mgm.) per pound (4.j cgm.) 

 of body weight, followed in 12 hours by 1 dram (4 grams) 

 of magnesium sulphate per pound of body weight. It would 

 seem that adequate purgation is necessary and relatively large 

 doses required if satisfaetorj' results are to follow the use of 

 this drug 



PHiiNOTHi.^ziNE. Swanson, Harwood and Connelly (1940) 

 have recently reported on the use of this drug for swine and 

 it appears to have considerable efficacy for the removal of as- 

 carids. However, better results were obtained in the removal of 

 mature ascarids than in the removal of immature forms. In 

 view of the marked efficacy of the drug for the removal of 

 nodular worms from swine, it could probably be used to ad 

 vantage in animals in which both kinds of worms are present. 

 The above mentioned investigators have suggested dose rates 

 of phenothiazine for experimental use in swine and these may 

 be found under the treatment for Oesophagostomum spp. 



TREATMENT FOR THE REMOVAL Or HOOKWORMS 



Satisfactory medication has not been established. On theo 

 retical grounds, some of the chlorinated hydrocarbons would 

 seem to be promising. However, Eaffensperger, as reported by 

 Wright and Raffensperger (1930), did not find carbon tetra- 

 chloride in a dose of 25 cc. in 75 cc. of castor oil for pigs 

 weighing 125 pounds effective for the removal of Gtobocephahis 

 urosubulatus. Tetrachlorethylene or n-butyl chloride might be 

 more promising since carbon tetrachloride is not well tolerated 

 by swine and is more soluble. 



TREATMENT FOR THE REMOV.\L OF SWINE STOMACH WORMS 



Bozicevich and Wright (1935) found that carbon disulphide, 

 administered in capsules or by stomach tube, at a dose rate of 

 0.1 cc. per kilogram (2.2 pounds) of body weight, or 4.5 cc. 

 for a 100 pound pig, was approximately 90 percent effective 

 for the destruction of Hyostrongylus rubidus and even more 

 effective for the removal of Ascarops strongylina. Food must 

 be withheld for 36 to 44 hours prior to treatment, as the 

 presence of food in the stomach interferes with the action of 

 the carbon disulphide and acts to reduce the efficacy of the 

 treatment. Lower doses of carbon disulphide were less effec- 

 tive. Pigs killed 2 hours after treatment showed a slight to 

 moderate gastritis but, as in the administration of carbon di- 

 sulphide to horses, this gastritis does not constitute a marked 

 objection to the use of the treatment as it probably clears up 

 rather quickly. It appears that this treatment should be effec 

 five also for the removal of Physocephalus sexalatus and other 

 nematodes occurring free in the stomach of awine. 



TREATMENT FOR THE REMOVAL OF NODDLAR WORMS, 

 OESOPHAGOSTOMUM SPP. 



Of a number of drugs tested for the removal of these worms, 

 none showed a high efficacy until Harwood, Jcrstad and Swan- 

 son (1938) and Swanson, Harwood and Connelly (1P40) dem- 

 onstrated the marked efficiency of phenothiazine for this pur- 

 pose. In experiments reported bj' the latter investigators, con- 

 ditioned phenothiazine removed 4,753, or 92.1 percent, of 5,162 

 nodular worms from 22 pigs. In other tests, recrystallized 

 phenothiazine showed approximately the same degree of effi 



cacy. Swanson, Harwood and Connelly recommended the fol- 

 lowing dose rates for phenothiazine for experimental use in 

 swine : 



tr eight of pig Size of dose 



Up to 11.4 kgm. (25 lbs.) 5 gm. (1.2 drams) 



11.4 to 22.8 kgm. (25 to 50 lbs.) 8 gm. (2.0 drams) 

 22.8 to 45.5 kgm. (50 to 100 lbs.) 12 gm. (3.0 drams) 



45.5 to 91.(1 kgm. (100 to 200 lbs.) 20 gm. (5.0 drams) 

 Over 91 kgm. (200 lbs.) 30 gm. (7.5 drams) 



Phenothiazine may be administered to swine in hard gelatin 

 capsules if the operator is sufficiently skilled to avoid lodging 

 the capsules in the pharyngeal pouch, or it may be adminis- 

 tered mixed with any ground feed to which the pigs are ac- 

 customed. Pigs varying greatly in size should not be treated 

 at one time in the latter manner, and the chemical should not 

 be offered to the animals except when they are sufficiently 

 hungry to consume the medicated food at once. The efficacy 

 of the drug when administered with the feed needs further 

 investigation but this promises to be a very valuable method 

 of treatment. 



TREATMENT FOR STEPHANURUS 0ENTATUS INFECTION 



No effective treatment is known for the destruction of swine 

 kidney worms. Turpentine has been recommended on the 

 ground of the great diffusibility of the drug but it has not 

 been established that the drug could reach the adult worms in 

 the perirenal fat. Kauzal (1932) interpreted his experimental 

 results with carbon tetrachloride as indicating that the treat- 

 ment was of some benefit, as no worms were found in the liver 

 of one of the treated animals, while worms in the liver of a 

 second animal were encapsulated. It is possible that this drug 

 might check the migration of worms or destroy migrating 

 worms in the liver, although it is probable that the drug would 

 have no effect on adult worms in the perirenal tissue. 



TREATMENT FOR LUNGWORM INFECTIONS 



Freeborn (1916) recommended the injection into the nostrils 

 of swine of 5 cc. of chloroform repeated at intervals of 3 to 5 

 days until the infection is controlled. However, there is no 

 critical evidence that this treatment is effective in the de- 

 struction of the worms. 



Skrjabin and Schul'ts (1936) reported that one part of 

 chlorine in 30,000 parts of air had little effect on the host 

 after one hour and claimed that this exposure destroyed 73.3 

 percent of the lungworms present. The same authors also 

 recommended intratracheal injections of the iodine solution 

 described under the treatment of lungworms of carnivores. 

 The doses employed for swine are 0.25 cc. per kilogram of body 

 weight for small pigs and 0.5 cc. per kilogram of body weight 

 for average sized pigs. 



The treatment which appears to be safest and best is good 

 nursing in connection with an abundance of good feed and 

 adequate shelter. In the absence of specific therapy, emphasis 

 should be placed on prevention and animals should be isolated 

 and removed from areas where the intermediate hosts are 

 prevalent. 



TREATMENT FOR TRICHURIS SUIS INFECTION 



Medication for whipworm infection in swine is entirely un- 

 certain and no effective treatment is known at present. Single 

 doses of various anthelmintics will remove a few whipworms 

 at times but consistent results are not obtained with any of 

 them. In the absence of more information concerning the 

 pathogenicity of this parasite, chemotherapy dors not s?em to 

 be a matter of any considerable importance. 



Anthelmintic Medication for Nematode Parasites 

 of Equines 



TRE.iTMENT FOR PARASCARIS EQUORDM INFECTION 



Carbon Disulphide. This drug is probably the most effec 

 five treatment available. It should be administered in a dose 

 of 6 fluid drams (24 cc.) for a 1,000 pound animal, after a 

 fast of 18 hours, or at a dose rate of 1.5 fluid drams (6 cc.) 

 for each 250 pounds of body weight. No purgative is needed 

 but a saline purgative may be advisable in the case of heavy 

 infections; oils should be avoided as they increase absorption 

 and add to the toxity of the drug. Carbon disulphide should be 

 administered by stomach tube; if capsules containing the drug 

 are broken in the mouth, asphyxiation and death may result. 

 Capsules containing carbon disulphide adsorbed on various 

 kinds of powdered material are available; these capsules un- 

 doubtedly are safer to administer but fail to provide the same 

 high efficacy as exerted by the liquid drug. Carbon disulphide 

 produces a well marked inflammatory reaction in the stomach 

 and upper duodenum. This inflammation usually clears up in 

 a short time however. Carbon disulphide is contraindicated in 



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