36 hours and the drug administered in a dose of I! fluid ounces 

 (60 cc.) for a 1,000-pound animal, immediately preceded or 

 followed hj 1 quart of raw linseed oil. The drug should not 

 be given to animals already suffering from renal disorders. 



Oil of chenopodium, as administered for large and small 

 strongj'les, is effective also for the removal of pinworms. 



TREATMENT FOR THE REMOVAL OF STOMACH "WORMS 



Carbon disulphide in a dose of 6 fluid drams (24 cc.) for a 

 1,000-pound animal, preceded by gastric lavage with S to 10 

 liters of a 2 percent solution of sodium bicarbonate, is very 

 effective for the destruction of Eabroncma muscae and H. 

 microstoma, as determined by Wright, Bozicevich and Under- 

 wood (lt)31). Without preliminary lavage, the drug gave less 

 favorable results in the tests of these investigators. Appar- 

 ently the alkaline solution serves to remove excess mucus from 

 the stomach wall and permits the drug to reach the parasites 

 more effectively. Furthermore, the solution seems to give 

 some protection against the irritating action of the carbon 

 disulphide. In the above-mentioned experiments, Draschia 

 megastoma in stomach tumors was not affected by the treat- 

 ment. It is advisable, though not necessary, to siphon oft the 

 sodium bicarbonate solution ."> to 10 minutes after its admin 

 istration. The contraindications for the treatment are the 

 same as those listed under the discussion of this drug for the 

 removal of asearids. 



While not determined by critical tests, it would appear that 

 carbon disulphide would be a fairly satisfactory treatment for 

 the destruction of Irk-)iost>oiigi/his axci in the stomach of the 

 horse. 



Anthelmintic Medication for Nematode Parasites 

 of Ruminants 



TREATMENT FOR STRONGVLOIDES PAPILLOSUS INFECTION 



There is no established treatment for strongyloidosis. The 

 parasite appears to be resistant to most of the anthelmintics 

 commonly employed in sheep and even prolonged dosage with 

 some of these drugs fails to eradicate it. Gentian violet, the 

 only known drug which has shown any specificity against 

 worms of this genus, has not been tried in ruminants. 

 TREATMENT FOR INFECTION WITH TRICHURIS SPP. 



Like whipworms in other animals, those forms occurring in 

 ruminants are difficult to remove. Occasional whipworms will 

 be removed by many of the anthelmintics used for the removal 

 of other worms from sheep but there is no specific treatment 

 available at the present writing. The enema treatment de- 

 scribed under therapy for oesophagostomiasis is said to be 

 fairly effective against T. oris. However, in view of the lack 

 of evidence concerning the pathogenicity of the parasite, there 

 would be little need for the use of the treatment in uncom- 

 plicated infections. 



TREAT.MENT FOR INFECTIONS WITH OESOPHAGOSTOMUM SPP. 



Phenothiazixe. The introduction of phenothiazine by Har- 

 wood, Habermann and Jerstad (1939), provided the first an 

 thelmintic which is useful for the removal of 0. columbiauiim 

 when administered orally in a single dose. These investigators 

 found that the conditioned drug administered as 20 percent of 

 a meal of concentrates after a period of fasting at a dose rate 

 of 0.5 gram per pound of body weight removed 90 percent of 

 the nodular worms, almost SO percent of the Haemonchus, 76.7 

 percent of the hookworms, and apparently 100 percent of the 

 Ostertagia. Subsecjuent investigations in the U. S. Bureau of 

 Animal Industry (Habermann and Harwood, 1939; Haber- 

 mann, Harwood, and Hunt, 1940) demonstrated that either 

 rccrystallized phenothiazine or the ci'ude non-conditioned drug 

 was even more effective than the product which had been con- 

 ditioned for use as an insecticide and which was employed in 

 the earlier tests. A dose of 25 grams has been recommended 

 for adult sheep. These results have been confirmed by a num- 

 ber of other workers, including Swales (1939), Roberts (1939.) 

 and Gordon (1939). 



Swales administered phenothiazine in an enema without ob- 

 taining any efticacy for the removal of Chabcrtia ovina or 0. 

 culumbiaiiiim. This finding would .seem to confirm the view 

 of Harwood and his associates that the drug probably under 

 goes some chemical change in the digestive tract of the host 

 which acts to promote its efficacy. Failing to find that sheep 

 regularly consumed mixtures of the anthelmintic with the feed. 

 Swales reduced the bulk of the commercial product by prepar- 

 ing compressed tablets according to the following formula : 



Commercial phenothiazine (pulverized) SO parts 



Starch ( pulverized 1 S parts 



Effervescent salt (sodium bicarbonate, ."0 parts, 



dehydrated tartaric acid, 45 parts) 9 parts 



Dried ox gall 2 parts 



Phenolplithalein _ _ __. 1 part 



The individual dosage of sheep at the rate of 0.3 gram of 

 phenothiazine for each pound of bod^' weight in Swales' ex- 

 periments was very effective for the removal of H. contort ux, 

 Bunostomuiii trigonoccphaUim, 0. colKiiibiarium, Chabertia 

 uviiia, Ncmatodirus sp., Cooperia sp. and Ostertagia sp. The 

 treatment was approximately 50 percent effective for the re- 

 moval of Tricliontroiigi/Uix spp. but was apparently ineffective 

 against Strungijloidcs and Capillaria longipes. 



Roberts (1S>39) tested Thio.x, a commercial preparation con- 

 taining 93 percent phenothiazine, on a large number of ani- 

 mals and found that satisfactory results were secured against 

 0. cohimbianum with a dose rate of 0.15 gram per pound of 

 body weight given immediately after previous stimulation of 

 the oesophageal reflex with 2 cc. of a 10 percent copper sul- 

 phate solution and following a 24-hour fast. Without fasting 

 or the use of the copper sulphate, a dose of 0.4 gram per 

 pound was effective. Good results were obtained also against 

 H. contortus but the treatment failed to remove Trichuris par- 

 vispiciilum and T. globulosa. In certain of Roberts' tests some 

 of the sheep failed to respond to treatment even with the higher 

 dose rate of the drug. 



Gordon (1939) confirmed also results against II. c(iiitortii.i 

 and nodular worms. He found also that phenothiazine in a 

 dose of 0.6 gram per kilogram (2.2 pounds) of body weight 

 reduced the egg counts of Triclio.stroiigi/liis spp. by 90 peicent 

 or more. Small daily doses of the drug ( 1 gram daily for -5 ■ 

 days) were effective against the common stomach worm and the 

 nodular worm. 



Insoluble Copper Salts. A treatment which was developed 

 by Monnig (1935) in South Africa is of considerable value 

 against 0. cohimbianum but does not approach the efficacy of 

 jiheiiothiazine. This treatment consists in the administration 

 of certain insoluble salts of copper in the proportions and 

 doses given below : 



Dosage in grams for sheep 



of various ages 



Over 6 

 3 to 6 and under Over 

 Drug Parts months 18 months IS mo)ilh.i 



Copper arsenate __ 2 0.2 0.36 0.5 



Calcium hydroxide 3 0.3 0.54 0.75 



Copper tartrate 5 0.5 0.9 1.25 



Total dose in grams 1.0 1.8 2.5 



In an effort to deliver the mixture into the abomasum, the 

 sheep are given 2.5 cc. each of a 10 percent solution of copper 

 sulphate and this is followed immediately by the appropriate 

 dose of the mixture. Sheep should be watered immediately be- 

 fore treatment but should be fasted for 48 hours prior to dos- 

 ing and 24 hours after dosing. Water should be withheld for 

 1 to 2 hours after treatment. Recommendations call for ro- 

 peating the treatment on the following day. The treatment 

 is said to have a fair degree of efficacy against E. contortus 

 and Moniezia crpansa. 



Enema Treatment. This treatment, originally recommended 

 by Brumpt 35 years ago, has more recently been developed 

 further by South African and Australian workers. The tieat- 

 ment consists of a solution of 2 grains (125 mgm.) of sodium 

 arsenite per liter of water. The solution is administered by 

 enema in the following doses: 



Lambs up to 4 months of age 1 pint 



Lambs 4 to 6 months „. 1.5 pints 



Six months old to 2-tooth sheep 1 quart 



Aged sheep _ _ _ . 1.5-2 qts. 



Sheep should be fasted for 24 hours before treatment. The 

 solution may be allowed to flow by gravity, may be given by 

 syringe, or may be injected by a specially devised apparatus. 

 The forced in,iection of the solution involves some risk and 

 deaths have followed its use. This method of treatment is time 

 consuming and ill adapted to large scale application. 



Swauson, Porter and Connelly (1940) found that uncondi- 

 tioned phenothiazine removed 99. S percent of 0. radiatum from 

 calves when the drug was administered in doses varying from 

 50 to 80 grams (0.44 to 1.1 gram per kilogram of body weight). 

 While it is not possible to make definite therapeutic recom- 

 mendations on the basis of these preliminary experiments, it 

 would appear that phenothiazine is of considerable promise for 

 the removal of nodular worms from cattle. 



treatment for CHABEHiTIA OVINA INFECTION 



As previously stated. Swales found phenothiazine 100 percent 

 effective for the removal of these worms from a limited num 

 ber of animals. Habermann and Harwood (1939) reported 



344 



