lator tliat iioii coiuiitiHiii'd plionotliiaziiio in doses of ['.' Id 12 

 grains lemoved 2<i.7 i)eri-oiit of 12(5 Clutbcrda from li slieep; in 

 dosos of In to 2(1 grams, 47.9 lu'reont of 4S worms from .'i 

 slioep; and in doses of 22 to 2G grams, i)3.8 percent of 32 

 worms from 3 slieep. The enema treatment described under O. 

 foliiiiihidiiKm is .said to be satisfactory also. 



TRE.^TMKNT FOR (l.\IGERI.\ PACHYSCELIS INFECTION 



Ortlepp (193.1) found tetrachloretliyleiie effective for the 

 removal of these worms when given in a dose of 10 cc. in 10 

 to 20 cc. of liquid paraffin and immediately preceded by a dose 

 of 2..") cc. of a 10 percent solution of copper sulphate to stimu- 

 late closure of the oesophageal groove. Smaller doses should 

 be used for lambs and young sheep. Fasting is not necessary. 

 Treatment should be repeated twice at intervals of 10 to 14 

 days. Some reactions may be encountered with this relatively 

 large dose of tetrachlorethylene. 



To reduce the number of reactions, Ortlepp and Monuig 

 (193(i) investigated a number of preparations containing tetra- 

 chlorethylene. The results of a limited number of experimen- 

 tal trials suggested that an emulsion consisting of 25 cc. of an 

 aqueous solution of 7.7 grams of soft soap, 37.5 cc. of tetra- 

 chlorethylene and 37. .J cc. of liquid paraffin might be satisfac- 

 tory-. Later croton oil was added in a dose of 1 cc. to each 

 40 cc. of the emulsion which contained 10 cc. of tetrachlor- 

 ethylene, this amount of the emulsion being the dose for an 

 adult animal. 



Subsequently, certain disadvantages were encountered in the 

 use of this emulsion and Mbunig and Ortlepp (1939) conducted 

 further experiments in order to devise a more satisfactory 

 vehicle for the tetrachlorethylene. The formula finally worked 

 out was made up, as follows: To -"iOO cc. of tapwater heated to 

 70° C. are added 6 grains NaOH and then 40 grams of casein 

 is rapidly stirred in. The solution is then heated to S.l" C. and 

 40 grams of ground resin is stirred in rapidly. A highly sa- 

 ponifiable resin should be emplo.ved and this should be ground 

 to a fine powder. The solution should be kept at S."i' C and 

 stirred for about Id to 20 minutes until complete combination 

 of the alkali with the other ingredients has occurred. It is 

 then made up to SOO cc. with cool water. The tetrachlorethy- 

 lene is added in successive small quantities while mixing pro- 

 ceeds in the proportion of 7.3 cc. of tetrachlorethylene to 2.j cc. 

 of the emulsifier. The emulsion is issued in concentrated form 

 and is diluted with an equal quantity of water before use. 

 The dose for an adult sheep is 20 cc. of the diluted emulsion 

 (i.e. 7.5 cc. of tetrachlorethylene) for adult animals; 15 cc. 

 for lambs 6 to 12 months old, and 10 cc. for lambs 3 to 

 months old. The remedy is given after a preliminary dose of 

 2.5 cc. of 10 percent copper sulphate solution. This treatment 

 is said to be effective against Hacmonchus coiitortiis, Tiiclio- 

 utronffybis spp., A'ematodirus spp., Gaigeria pachijscrlix and 

 Bunostomum irigonocephalinn. 



While no tests are on record, it would seem that phenothia- 

 zine would be effective against Gaigeria. 



TREATMENT FOR BUNOSTOMUM TRIOONOCEFHAI-UM INFECTION 



The phenothiazine treatment, as described under nodular 

 worms, is the most effective available at the present time. 

 Tetrachlorethylene, as used against Gaigeria, is also quite ef- 

 fective but is probably more hazardous. The "Cu-Nic" solu 

 tion, described under treatment for the common stomach worm, 

 will usually remove a high percentage of hookworms. 



Little is known concerning removal of B. phU'botomum from 

 cattle but it is probable that the "Cu-Nic" solution would 

 be of value. For dosage, the reader is referred to treatment for 

 H. contortus. Swauson, Porter and Connelly (1940) reported 

 that phenothiazine in dosages of 50 to SO grams removed 1,160 

 of 1,729 B. phlebotomum from 6 calves. In these limited tests, 

 the unconditioned drug at a dose rate of 0.44 to 0.55 gram 

 per kilogram of body weight in calves weighing over 91 kilo- 

 grams (200 pounds) was less effective against this species than 

 when given to lighter calves at a dose rate of 0.66 to 1.1 

 grams per kilogram of body weight. The drug is promising 

 but more information is needed concerning its exact efficacy 

 ;ind its safety for cattle. 



TRBLYTMBNT FOR HAEMONCHUS CX)N"l'ORTUS INFECTION 



Copper Sulphate. The treatment which has been used most 

 extensively is the copper sulphate solution devised by Hutcheon 

 (1891) in South Africa. In the United States a 1 percent 

 solution has been employed most commonly and this is admin- 

 istered in a dose of 50 cc. for sheep up to a year old and 100 

 ce. for mature sheep. The dose for calves is 100 cc, for 

 yearlings up to 200 cc, and for mature cattle up to 1 liter. 

 Where sheep cannot be adequately protected against severe in 

 fection by light stocking, pasture rotation and other measures, 



tre;itiiieiil slioiilcl lie repeated in tcm])erate climates under con- 

 ditions of moderate stocking at intervals of 3 weeks. In warm 

 climates with heavy stocking of pastures, it is necessary to re- 

 peat treatment every 2 weeks. It is usually necessary to con- 

 tinue treatment throughout the wanner months of the year 

 and in warmer climates it may be of value to continue dosing 

 during the winter. Tlie repeated administration of copper 

 sulphate is apparently not detrimental to sheep and in fact 

 there is some evidence to indicate that animals so treated make 

 better gains that non-treated animals. Wright and Bozicevich 

 (1931) found that the 1 percent solution of copper sulphate 

 may be administered in the usual doses as often as once a week 

 without harm to sheep. When so administered, there is a 

 marked increase in the copper content of the liver after a 

 period of time with no appreciable pathological changes. In 

 view of the relationship of copper salts and liver to anemia, 

 the increased amount of copper in the livers of sheep treated 

 frequently with copper sulphate solution may be beneficial 

 rather than detrimental to the health of the animals. 



The 1 percent solution may be made up on the basis of 1 

 gram of copper sulphate to 99 cc of water, or by dissolving 

 Vi pound of copper sulphate in 1 pint of boiling water and 

 adding cold water to make 3 gallons of the solution. This lat- 

 ter will make a quantity sufficient to dose 100 sheep, allowing 

 10 percent for waste. Only clear blue crystals should be used 

 in preparing the solution. Porcelain, enamelware or wooden 

 vessels should be employed, as copper sulphate solution will 

 corrode metal. 



Various writers have advocated the use of a 1.5 percent 

 solution or stronger solutions of copper sulphate. As shown 

 by Cluiiies Ross (1934) and Monnig and Quin (1935) solutions 

 of this salt stimulate the closure of the oesophageal groove in 

 sheep with a resultant delivery of the solution directly into the 

 abomasum in a considerable proportion of the cases. No doubt 

 this quality of copper sulphate is responsible to a considerable 

 extent for its efficacy against H. contortus. Gordon (1939) has 

 shown recently that the usually prescribed dose in Australia, 

 i.e., 1 fluid ounce of a 4 percent solution of copper sulphate, 

 is not an efficient treatment against H. contortti.<i in adiilt sheep. 

 His investigations indicated that a dose of 2 iliiid ounces of 

 a solution of this strength was very effective in adult sheep. 

 Gordon (1939) determined also that the copper sulphate treat- 

 ment is relatively ineffective against immature Haemonchiis 

 and stated that apparent failures of treatment in severe out- 

 breaks of haemonchosis in the field could be explained on this 

 basis. As a result of the findings, Gordon suggested that in 

 flocks heavily infected with the parasite, treatment with copper 

 sulphate should be applied every 10 to 14 days. 



Copper Sulphate and Nicotine Sui,phate. As previously 

 stated, the copper sulphate and tobacco solution of Lewis and 

 Guberlet and the nicotine sulphate solution of Lamson have 

 been replaced largely by the "Cu-Nic" solution developed by 

 Curtice. This latter solution is made up by adding 1 ounce 

 of 40 percent nicotine sulphate to each gallon of a 1 percent 

 solution of copper sulphate. The dose of the combined solu- 

 tion is 3.5 ounces (100 cc.) for adult animals and 1.5 ounces 

 (50 cc.) for weanling lambs. Experience has shown that this 

 solution is occasionally toxic for weak animals or for very 

 young lambs. Furthermore, the operator should be certain that 

 the precipitate, which forms in this mixture, is not allowed 

 to settle in the container from which the sheep are being dosed. 

 If there is any reason to believe that animals will not tolerate 

 the treatment, the dose should be reduced or trial treatment 

 should be made on a few animals to establish tolerance. For 

 cattle, the "Cu-Nic" solution may be used in the same doses 

 as for the 1 percent solution of copper sulphate. For sheep, 

 the solution is effective against immature as well as mature 

 Haemonchiis and in addition is a fairly satisfactory treatment 

 for the removal of hookworms, small trichostrougyles and 

 Monicsia expansa. In uncomplicated stomach worm infections, 

 it is probably of no great advantage over copper sulphate solu- 

 tion because of its greater toxicity. 



Carbon Tetrachloride. While the use of this drug in un- 

 complicated stomach worm infections has been largely dis- 

 continued in the United States, it is still popular in Australia, 

 especially in concomitant liver fluke infections. In the United 

 States, it is usually given in gelatin capsules in a dose of 5 

 cc. for adult sheep and 2.5 cc. for weanling lambs. In Aus- 

 tralia, the doses employed are 2 cc. for adult sheep, aud 1 cc. 

 for lambs under 6 months of age, the drug being mixed with 

 4 parts of liquid paraffin. Not infrequently losses follow the 

 use of carbon tetrachloride in sheep and for this reason it 

 should be used with caution. Where the drug is used, precau- 

 tion should be taken to place the sheep on a diet rich in avail- 

 able calcium for 2 to 3 weeks prior to treatment. Changes in 

 feed other than to provide calcium should not be made for 

 several weeks prior to treatment ; animals appear to suffer 



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