fewer reactions when maiutaiiied for several weeks ou pasture 

 prior to and subsequent to treatment with carbon tetrachloride. 



Tetrachlokethylene. This treatment, tirst tested by Hall 

 and Shilliuger (unpublished data), has been employed exten- 

 sively. In the United States, the drug is admini.stered iu gela- 

 tin capsules in a dose of 5 cc. for adult sheep and 2.5 c.e. for 

 lambs. In Australia, it is combined with equal parts of liquid 

 paraffin. While several investigators have reported it to be 

 very effective against the common stomach worm, there is 

 some divergence of opinion on this point with the probability 

 that its efficacy does not approach that of carbon tetrachloride. 

 However, tetrachlorethyleue is a much safer treatment. In 

 repeated treatments over a period of time, it is of some value 

 in mixed infections involving stomach worms, hookworms and 

 small trichostrougyles. 



Copper Sulphate and Sodium Arsenite. This mixture in 

 powder form has long been employed in South Africa, where 

 it is known as the "Government Wireworm Remedy." It is 

 composed of 4 parts of copper sulphate, partly dehydrated, 

 and 1 part of sodium arsenite. Special measuring spoons are 

 employed to insure correct dosage, which is as follows: For 

 lambs 2 to 4 months old, 0.2 gram of the mixture; 4 to 6 

 months old, 0.25 gram; 6 months to 2-tooth animals, 0.375 

 gram; 2-tooth sheep, 0.5 gram; 4-tooth sheep and over, 0.625 

 gram. The remedy is said to be contraiudicated in the pres- 

 ence of heavy Trichostrongylus infections; smaller doses should 

 be used when the sheep are in poor condition or when they 

 are grazing on young grass in the spring. All animals should 

 be kept from water for at least 7 hours before and after treat- 

 ment; otherwise rapid absorption of the drug may occur and 

 lead to arsenical poisoning. 



Phenothiazine. Evidence presented under the discussion 

 of the treatment against nodular worms indicates that this drug 

 represents an effective treatment against H. contortus. While 

 its use on more animals may disclose some limitations or con 

 traindications, it appears to be of great value, particularly 

 because of its eiBcaey in concomitant infections with many of 

 the other gastrointestinal parasites which are commonly found 

 in sheep. If onlj- the common stomach worm is present, doses 

 as small as 10 grams per adult sheep may be employed; how- 

 ever, if other species are present, it is probably advisable to 

 use a dose of 25 grams. 



treatment for infeptions with small trichostronoyles, 



trichostrongyles spp., ostertaoia spp., cooperia spp., and 



nematodirus spp. 



On the basis of present evidence, phenothiazine is the treat- 

 ment of choice for the removal of worms of these genera from 

 sheep. From tests carried out to date it would appear that in 

 sheep phenothiazine is probably less effective against Cooperia 

 spp. and Nematodirus spp. than against these other genera. 

 However, the general utilitarian value of the drug against 

 most nematode parasites of the gastrointestinal tract of sheep 

 ranks it above all others at present. English investigators 

 (Taylor and Sanderson, 1940; Lapage, 1940) have reported 

 that sheep treated with doses of phenothiazine varying from 

 5 to 30 grams gained more rapidly than untreated controls; 

 Ostertagia spp. were the principal nematodes encountered in 

 the test animals. 



The "Cu Nic" solution will freciuently remove satisfactory 

 percentages of these various worms. In Australia, Gordon and 

 Clunies Ross (1936) found that sheep exposed to continual 

 heavy infection with Trichostrongylus spp. were adequately pro 

 tected by routine treatment at intervals of 3 weeks with a 2 

 percent solution of copper sulphate and commercial nicotine 

 sulphate. Similar protection was obtained by the use of 15 

 ec. of a 2 percent solution of copper sulphate followed imme- 

 diately by 2.5 cc. of tetrachlorethyleue repeated at the same 

 intervals. The recommended dose of the 2 percent copper 

 sulphate and nicotine sulphate solution is as follows: 



Adult sheep 2 ounces (60 cc.) 



Sheep 12 to 18 months 1.5 ounces (45 cc.) 



Lambs 8 to 12 month 1.0 ounce (30 cc.) 



Lambs 4 to 8 months 0.75 ounce (22 cc.) 



Lambs under 4 months 0.5 ounce (15 cc.) 



Treatment for the removal of worms of the above-mentioned 

 genera from cattle is not well established. In limited experi 

 ments, Swanson, Porter and Connelly (1940) found that un- 

 conditioned phenothiazine administered to calves in doses of 

 50 to 80 grams (0.44 to 1.1 grams per kilogram of body weight) 

 removed all T. axci present. The treatment was approximately 

 84 percent effective against 0. ostertagi but only slightly effec- 

 tive against Cooperia spp. 



TREATMENT FOR LUNOWORM INFECTION 



Protostrongylnx and Mnellerivs infections are not susceptible 

 to treatment but numerous drugs have been recommended 



against Dictyocauliis filaria, chiefly for administration by in- 

 sufflation or by intratracheal injection. Evidence for the use 

 of these preparations is not convincing. Orloff (1935) recom- 

 mended injections into the trachea on 2 successive days of 10 

 cc. of a mixture of 1 cc. of a 10 percent tincture of iodine, 50 

 cc. of glycerin and 150 cc. of distilled water. The sheep are 

 placed on the back and after injection are held in a sitting 

 position for half a minute. McGrath (1931) found Lugol's 

 solution of no value and responsible for the causation of 

 pneumonic lesions. McGrath believed that the intratracheal 

 injection of the mixture recommended by the New South 

 Wales Department of Agriculture provided good results. This 

 mixture consisted of chloroform 0.5 cc, oleum terebinthinae 1 

 cc, and olive oil 2 cc. However, Kauzal (1932) was not suc- 

 cessful in removing all worms with this mixture. Vein and 

 Zottner (1937) used a dose of 10 cc. of an aqueous solution of 

 1 mgm. of pyrethrin per dose ; this was repeated three times. 

 These treatments are for sheep but could probably be used 

 for calves also. 



Until more substantial evidence is obtained for the value 

 of medicinal treatment, the most logical procedure is to give 

 infected animals good nursing treatment, remove them from 

 infected pastures and provide feed which will satisfy all nu 

 tritional requirements. 



Anthelmintic Medication for Nematodes of Poultry 



TREATMENT FOR STRONGVLOIDES INFECTION 



Gentian violet exerts a specific action against Strongyloidcs 

 avium and, in birds in which treatment is indicated, this would 

 be the drug of choice. Wright and A^an Volkenberg (1937) 

 found that a dose of 1 grain (64 mgm.) three times a day for 

 10 days for birds weighing 3 to 4 pounds removed all of these 

 worms from the small intestine and the ceca. However, this 

 course of treatment resulted in inflammation of the digestive 

 tract. Single doses up to 10 grains were not effective. 



TRflATSIENT FOR CAPILLARIA COLUMBAE AND C. RETUSA INrBCTIONS 



There is no established treatment for the removal of capil- 



larids from the lumen of the digestive tract. Carbon tetra- 

 chloride has been reported to be of value in chickens when 

 given in a dose of 1 cc and repeated in 1 week. However, 

 the evidence for this is contradictory as other investigators 

 have not obtained promising results with this drug either in 

 chickens or pigeons. Thymol has been recommended for pigeons 

 in a dose of 5 cgm., repeated on alternate days until 3 doses 

 have been given. The last dose is followed by castor oil. Per- 

 haps halogenated hydrocarbons other than carbon tetrachloride 

 might be of benefit, although to be of value any treatment 

 would probably have to be repeated several times. In any ease, 

 worms in the ceca would be particularly difficult to remove. 



TREATMENT FOR ORNITHOSTRONGYLUS QUADRIRADIATUS INFECTION 



Thymol has been reported to be of value though such reports 

 have not been confirmed. Tetrachlorethyleue in doses of 0.5 

 to 1 cc. will sometimes remove some of the worms, although it 

 does not constitute a dependably eft"ective treatment. In fact, 

 Cuvillier (1937) stated that the lack of any anthelmintic of 

 demonstrated efficacy against the parasite indicated the impor- 

 tance of applying preventive measures. 



TREATMENT FOR AMIDOSTOMIIM ANSBXIS INFECTION 



Schmid (1930) treated geese with carbon tetrachloride in 

 doses of 1 to 1.5 cc. in 8 cc of flour paste injected into the 

 crop and reported excellent results, the birds improving in 

 condition and the losses in the flock being checked. Schu- 

 mann (1930) had good results following doses of 1 ec of car- 

 bon tetrachloride administered in gelatin capsules. Jerstad 

 (1936) removed all of 11 Amidostomum from a goose ivith a 

 single dose of 2 ec. of carbon tetrachloride. 



TREATMENT FOR SYNGAMUS TR.\CHEA INFECTION 



Mechanical removal of the worms may be accomplished by 

 means of a fine wire, a barbed feather or other similar devices 

 commonly used by poultrymen. However, the method is te- 

 dious and time consuming and not adapted for flock treatment. 

 Several workers have recommended the intratracheal injection 

 of several drops of a 5 percent solution of Aniodol (trioxy- 

 methylene). 



Wehr, Harwood and Sehaffer (1938) obtained an indicated 

 efficacy of 98 percent for the removal of these worms by in- 

 sufflation with barium antimonyl tartrate. The birds are 

 placed in a tightly closed container and the finely powdered 

 drug is dispersed throughout the air several times by means 

 of a blower. 



346 



