T'jxon: 6 



Some of the species with zig-zag patterns have jn the lower cad a stri- 

 ated object shaped somewhat like a shenf of grain, apparently t?ie cuticu- 

 lar lining of the vagina (fig. 11). This is nearly always accompanied 

 by a number of dark bodies of irregular, thouj-ih never angular shape. 

 These may be few or numerous.. No constant number or arrangement has 

 been observed. These are absent in cysts of other species having zig- 

 zag patterns and can be used for separation of these cysts into two 

 groups. 



Punctation is found on a layer of the cyst below that which carries th'^ 

 pattern. According to Franklin (1939) punctation is minute pits in one 

 of the layers of the cyst. Under high magnification these appear as 

 round dots of uniform size, either light or dark, according to the focus 

 of the microscope. 



Punctation is usually very prominent in H. rostochiensis and 4. punctata , 

 with the dots often being arrayed in distinct parallel horizontal rows 

 (figs. 20 and 2U) . In cysts of the H. schachtii group, punctation is of 

 several types. One of these is a prominent feature of most H. avenae 

 cysts, but also occurs on other species. The dots are about one-half 

 m.icron in diameter, and there is little or no trace of regular arrange- 

 ment (figs. 25 and 26). This is called "coarse irregular" punctation. 



Cysts of H. trifolii have dots of about the same size as those found on 

 cysts of 'A. avenae , but these are often arranged in parallel lines on 

 part of the cyst at least. This is shown in figure 27 with the lines 

 running diagonally from lower left to upper right across the photograph, 

 but the rows are seldom as long as those shown. 



In other species of the H. schachtii group, fine irregular punctation 

 occurs. The dots of fine irregular punctation are much smaller than those 

 of the coarse type, being difficult to see even with the oil immersion 

 objective of the microscope. Unfortunately, punctation is a somevxhat 

 variable character, being easy to see on som.e cysts and difficult or 

 impossible to find on others. Its presence is therefore a useful char- 

 acter, but its absence cannot be taken to indicate that a given specimen 

 does not belong to a species for which punctation is described. 



Punctation has not been seen on H. weissi or H. cacti , though it may 

 occur on some of the undescribed species of this group. But cysts of 

 these species often have a grainy appearance (figs. 17 and 18) due to 

 the presence of dots of somewhat irregular size and shape on the o\iter 

 layer of the cyst. 



The anus of H. cacti is shown in figure 17. All lomon-sliaped cysts have 

 the anus locatr:d in about this same relationship to the vulva. The anus 

 of H. rostochiensis is shovm near the upper edge of figures 19 and 20. 

 The~pattern runs around the vulva, but the anus is marked only by a 

 slight irregularity. The anus of H. p unctata is located nt a thin snot 

 on the cyst, v/hJch is about the snni'^ sir.o as thi^ vulvar opening. i'igure 

 No. 21 shows this clearly, though thn cyst x-jall was split in the nroccss 



