58 RUTLEDGE T. WILTBANK 



ber of trials in the second maze, E, before the first is learned, 

 then it will be observed that no maze-learning in this series 

 subsequent to the first equalled the first, as far as the 

 trial-criterion was concerned, while learnings 4 and 6 bet- 

 tered it judging by the error-criterion, and 6 and 10 bettered 

 it by the time-criterion. If the series 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 is viewed 

 in the same way, as if the order E to D were the fundamen- 

 tal one and the learnings subsequent to it but modifications 

 of it, we find that learnings 5 and 9 excel the first as 

 judged by the trial-criterion; and that, although none 

 of the after learnings equal the first from the point of 

 view of errors, all surpass it from the point of view of 

 time. It may be said therefore that there is no one method 

 among all the arrangements, taking the D-to-E series and 

 the E-to-D together, which enjoys signal preeminence. 

 If it is said that the learning of the harder maze before 

 the easier without any previous trials in the easier results 

 in the best record according to trials, the learning numbered 

 4 is a very close second to it, and there are better arrange- 

 ments according to the error and time-criteria. Never- 

 theless, there is an average advantage in learning the 

 harder maze before learning the easier, from the point of 

 view of trials and errors, as may be seen through the series 

 in which the learning of D and then of E. is viewed as 

 fundamental. When the time-criterion is applied, the 

 series in which the passage from the easier to the harder 

 maze is viewed as fundamental enjoys a striking advantage. 

 These facts may be seen in table 47. 



TABLE 47 



The Average Records of the D-to-E and of the E-to-D Series 



D-to-E Series E-to-D Series 



Trials 37.77±4.01 43.60±2.25 



Errors 1.64=b .21 2.03± .41 



Time 1.44±.20 81±.21 



