8 



THOMAS WILLIAM BROCKBANK 



primary factors because they do not show where, how, and 

 why the " error " was made, and this is all important. 

 Time — that is, speed of integration — is not retained nor is 

 distance; but precision of movement is always retained, 

 more or less. The place of " error " in the problem must 

 be known. To facilitate this specific location of " error " 

 in the maze, the method was adopted of dividing the 

 maze into areas corresponding to the turns the rat was 

 required to make in a perfect trial to solve the problem. 

 Thus, namely, an " error," or absence of precision of in- 

 tegration at the first turn (Fig. 1) was designated at turn 



FIG. I - MAZE 



1 and was qualified as minus, being to the right of the turn; 

 at turn 2, plus, being to the left of the turn. " Error " 

 is not to be regarded here as a positive qualifying factor 

 in the learning. 



The question then arose whether the trials after the 



