92 HAROLD C. BINGHAM 



formerly given to other factors. That the effects of the punish- 

 ment in the training of No. 25 were too far-reaching, is indicated 

 by the number of + responses in series 8 to 11 inclusive. Series 

 10 is the only one where a high percentage of correctness ap- 

 pears, but my notes suggest that the record is misleading. 

 The notes on this point read: "The high + record is not con- 

 firmed by the behavior . . . . ; takes either compartment 

 hastily without trying to get a cue." The time record confirms 

 the notes. For the series, the average time for choosing was 

 3.4 seconds. The maximum time in any one test was 5 seconds. 



For chicks 24 and 25, therefore^ the behavior indicates that 

 the effects of the shock were too far-reaching. There occurs 

 such a shake-up in the responses that the chicks get even 

 further from the solution of the discrimination problem than 

 they were several series earlier. For No. 27, on the contrary,' 

 the shaking-up does not appear to have such negative results. 



For No. 27 it is difficult to point to any abrupt, changes in 

 the measurements provided by tables 15 and 16. In general 

 there seems to have been a fairly regular development of the 

 discrimination habit. Instead of taking suggestive numbers 

 from the tables, therefore, I shall refer chiefly to my notes 

 and details of behavior. 



The first suggestive change in the behavior of No. 27 occurred 

 in series 9. The following note appears in connection with 

 test 8 in which there is an error and approximately three times 

 as much activity recorded as in any other single test of the 

 series: 



Behavior indicates that No. 27 has become upset by punishment; it did not 

 know what to make of the two shocks this time. For some inexplicable reason it 

 seemed to want to go to — exit, but after shock, was wary of both compart- 

 ments; frequently crowded up close but would not risk stepping in. Seems to 

 be a new stage in learning; recognizes that danger (shock) is connected with these 

 escape compartments. No other chick has reached this stage. 



For test 9, the notes read : 



Very careful; behavior bears out above suggestion regarding shock; approached 

 electric compartment very carefully; stopped the instant the shock came, turned 

 out, and went directly to the + exit. Suggests that shock has become a sign that 

 'this is wrong compartment; other one is right.' 



The notes in connection with test 10 are similar: 



