190 STUDY OF BRAINS OF SIX EMINENT SCIENTISTS AND SCHOLARS. 



General Skobeleff," Bull, de la soc. d'antrrop, de Paris, 1882, p. 539. D. N. Sernoff: 

 " Concerning the anatomical peculiarities in the brains of intellectual men." Proc. II, 

 Session of Russian Physicians at Moscow, Vol. I, pp. 14-33, with 3 figs, (in Russian), 

 Moscow, 1887. 



59. Gambetta, Leon (1838-1882), French statesman (Paris collection), died De- 

 cember 31, 1882, but the autopsy was not performed until Januaiy 25, 1883. The 

 body was preserved by an injection of zinc chloride. On opening the skull it was 

 observed by Duval that considerable fluid had exuded and that the brain had 

 shrunken. Its weight on removal was 1160 grams. By utilizing the endocranial 

 cast as well as by other methods, Duval estimates the true weight to have been, sever- 

 ally, 1294, 1204 and 1241 grams; average, 1246. Riidinger's estimate confirms 

 Duval's figures. Krause's estimate brings the figure up to 1314 grams. The cere- 

 brum shows a fair degree of development though no such phenomenal redundancy of 

 the left subfrontal gyre as was originally reported. Chudzinski and Duval : Bull, de 

 la soc. d'ardhrop. de Paris, 1886, pp. 130, 399. Duval : Progres medicale, 1886, No. 30. 

 Riidinger : Sitzber. d. h bayer. Ahad. d. Wissensch., 1887, p. 69. W. Krause : " Ueber 

 Gehirngewichte," Allg. Wien. Med. Ztschr., 1888, and Internat. Monatschr. f. Anat. u. 

 Phys., V, 1888. 



60. BiscHOFF, Theodor Ludwig Wilhelm (1807-1882), German anatomist 

 (Munich collection), the son of C. H. E. BischofF (No. 49 of this series). The brain 

 showed signs of senile atrophy and a spot of softening in the occipital lobe. It 

 weighed 1370 grams. Ammon : "Die natiirliche Auslese bei den Menschen," p. 255. 

 F. Daffner: "Das Wachsthum des Menschen," p. 274. 



61. Kraus, Franz Xavier (1840-1882) (?), German theologian. Jul. Wald- 

 schmidt, in his article on cerebral speech-areas, describes the insula in the brains of 

 two congenital deaf-mutes, of a laborer, and those of the brains of two highly intel- 

 lectual members of the faculty of the University of Freiburg, one a theologian, the 

 other a prominent jurist. In reply to a recent injury. Dr. Waldschmidt states that 

 the brain of the jurist was apparently not weighed, while that of the theologian 

 weighed 1800 grams. The names of both were not revealed, but as Franz Xavier 

 Kraus was professor of theology at Freiburg 1878-1882, and as Waldschmidt gives the 

 "theologian's" age as 42, there is little doubt as to whose brain this is. The weight 

 of the brain was obtained b}' Waldschmidt from Professor Wiedersheim. Jul. Wald- 

 schmidt : " Beitrage zur Anatomic des Taubstummengehirns." Allg. Zeitschr.f. Psych., 

 1887, pp. 371-379. Edw. Anthony Spitzka : "The redundancy of the preinsula in 

 the brains of distinguished educated men." Medical Record, June 15, 1901. 



62. Lichtenstein, Sigmund, German novelist (Munich collection). Riidinger 



