196 STUDY OF BRAINS OF SIX EMINENT SCIENTISTS AND SCHOLARS. 



his life and writings see Hill's memoir. The brain weighed 1416 grams and has been 

 well preserved. The cerebrum is richly fissured and shows a superior degree of devel- 

 opment in many respects. B. G. Wilder: Jour, of Comp. Anat., Vol. V, July, 1895. 

 Wilder: "Buck's Reference Handbook of the Medical vSciences," Vol. II, 1901. G. 

 W. Hill: Science, April, 1895. 



90. HovELACQUE, ALEXANDRE A. (1843-1895), French anthropologist, philosophi- 

 cal writer and deputy (Paris collection). Brain-weight, communicated by Georges 

 Herv^, 1373 grams. 



91. RiJDiNGER, NicoLAUS (1832-1896), German anatomist (Munich collection). 

 Brain-Aveight, 1380 grams. DaflTner : " Das Wachsthum des Menschen," 1902, p. 275. 



92. Gylden, Hugo (1841-1896), Swedish mathematician and astronomer (Stock- 

 holm collection). One of the most illustrious of Europe's astronomers. His astro- 

 nomical work was of the mathematical-physical rather than of the observational kind. 

 He was inclined to be speculatively philosophical. He was a clear, logical speaker, a 

 talented musician ; of strong constitution, medium height. He was deaf upon the 

 left ear, the result of an ear-trouble in infancy. The brain was removed on the third 

 day after death and was very soft and flaccid. With much care, Retzius was able to 

 preserve the specimen in good shape. The brain weighed 1452 grams. In general 

 the cerebral convolutions are well formed, regular and not notably complex. The 

 prefrontal region is traversed by numerous secondary fissures. The subfrontal gyre is 

 strongly developed on the right side in the operculum intermedium ; on the left it is 

 peculiar in form ; the pars basilaris is poorly developed on both sides, being depressed 

 in the depths of the diagonal and precentral fissures. The most notable features in 

 Gj'lden's brain are presented in the region around the up-turned end of the sylvian 

 (episylvian ramus). On the right side, the caudal arm of the marginal gyre consti- 

 tutes a largely developed "operculum parietale posterius" so as to encroach upon and 

 push up (dorsad) the caudal end of the sylvian cleft. In other words, the struggle for 

 cortical expansion has, in this brain, manifested itself in an unusual breadth of the 

 marginal gyre, so broad in fact, as to constitute a veritable operculum. On the left 

 side, the arrangement is somewhat different, but the development is equally pro- 

 nounced. The episylvian ramus is small and with it the true marginal gyre is small ; 

 but dorsad of this there lie three well-developed gyres which necessarily must be con- 

 sidered part of the marginal territory. The interest in this region lies in the fact that 

 it l)orders upon, and possibly includes, on the one side the central organ of audition, 

 on the other side, the great parietal association area and it is quite likely that it is the 

 special area for the mathematical faculties. G. Retzius : Das Gehirn des Astronomen 

 Hugo Gyldcn's. Biol. UntersucL, N. F., VIII, 1, Stockholm, 1898. 



