,907.] TRIBUNAL OF ARBITRATION OF 1623. 307 



mentions Le Nouveau Cynee, '* done rather for recreation of the 

 mind," he says, ** than on account of any opinion that the writer had 

 that the advice that he gives can ever succeed." Again, in 1664, 

 Charles Sorel writes : '' There is a book called ' Le Nouveau Cynee,' 

 which gives reasons for the establishment of a general peace and 

 freedom of trade through all the world. One imagines that some- 

 thing additional is necessary to make it a success, but the design is 

 always beautiful and bold." Later still, Leibniz, in a letter that he 

 wrote to I'Abbe Castel de Saint Pierre concerning the latter's '' Paix 

 perpetuelle," said apropos of Cruce's work : *' When I was very 

 young I knew a work entitled ' Le Nouveau Cynee,' whose unknown 

 author counselled sovereigns to rule their states in peace and to 

 submit their differences to an established tribunal ; but I do not 

 know how to find this book and I do not remember now any details. 

 It is known that Cineas was a confidant of King Pyrrhus who ad- 

 vised the latter to rest himself at first, as it was his object, as he 

 confessed it, when he had conquered Sicily, Rome and Carthage." 



That mankind was eager to mitigate the horrors of war, and in 

 some measure at least to save itself from the miseries entailed by 

 endless war, was proved by the rapid and complete success of the 

 magnum opus, " De Jure Belli ac Pacis," of Hugo Grotius. That 

 monumental book, on the " Laws of War and Peace," Grotius gave 

 to the world in 1625, two years after £meric Cruce published " Le 

 Nouveau Cynee." Grotius wrote with the view of softening the 

 unspeakably horrible usages of war. That great Captain of the 

 Thirty Years' War, Gustavus Adolphus, carried a copy with him in 

 his campaigns and acted upon many of its principles. And in the 

 peace of Westphalia, in 1648, the leading principles formulated by 

 Grotius were recognized. Grotius lived for a time in Paris, and 

 probably knew Cruce and his work, and possibly gained some of his 

 ideas on international arbitration from the Frenchman's book. 



Other men wrote in favor of trying to avoid war. The founder 

 of our own Commonwealth, William Penn, published in 1693 an 

 '' Essay toward the Present and Future Peace of Europe." He 

 referred with approval to the Grand Dessein of Henry of Navarre, 

 and argued that as England had her Parliament and France her 

 States General to settle their respective affairs, so all Europe should 



