324 MATHEWS— THE ARRAN^DA LANGUAGP:. [Octobers 



Gender. — There are two ways of indicating gender in nouns — 

 one of which consists of using different words for male and female, 

 and the other by adding some word indicative of sex. 



Atua, a man. Aragutya, a woman. Wora, a boy. Kwara, a 

 girl. Katyia, a child of either sex. Among animals, words signi- 

 fying " male " and " female " respectively are employed, as : Aranga 

 kaluka, a buck kangaroo. Aranga mala, a doe kangaroo. Among 

 some animals there is a name for the male, quite independent of the 

 creature's usual name. 



Case. — The principal cases are the nominative, causative, genitive, 

 instrumental, dative and ablative. 



Nominative. When the act remains with the subject, the noun 

 is not declined. For example, atua indama, the man sleeps. Katyia 

 lama, the child goes. 



Causative. When a transitive verb is used, the noun takes a 

 suffix, la, as : Worala gama, the boy eats. Apmala utnuma, the 

 snake bites. 



Genitive. This case is formed by adding ka to the nominative, 

 as : Kata, father. Kataka wora, father's boy. The genitive case of 

 a large number of nouns is effected by an abbreviated suffix corre- 

 sponding to the person and number of the pronoun required, as : 

 Katanuka, my father. Katankwanga, thy father. Katakura, his 

 father; and so on through all the persons and numbers. See table 

 of Pronouns. 



Instrumental. This takes lela, as, ilupa, an axe. Ilupalela, with 

 or by means of the axe. 



The accusative is the same as the nominative, thus, Ta Kwatya 

 nyuma. I water drink (I drink water). In some expressions the 

 accusative takes the dative inflection, as : Atuala worana tukala, the 

 man to-the-boy beat, resembling our expression *' the man gave (to) 

 the boy a hiding." 



The dative terminates in nu. Ta Katyiana ndama, I to-the-child 

 give. 



Ablative. The case ends in nga. Era ulbarinya itityinga 

 erbuma, he a boomerang from — mulga makes. Yinga woranga 

 tarama, I laugh for (the sake of) the boy. 



