all other animals in that "The muscle seeks the nerve" 

 rather than the reverse. The present writers frankly do 

 not want to become involved in this controversial suli- 

 ject but will present as impartial a review of present 

 day knowledge as is possible. 



Technic has played a large part in earlier discussions 

 and the two approaches to the subject have been via 

 impregnation (silver method chiefly) or methylene blue, 

 either as an intravitam stain or according to the am- 

 monium molybdate technic. Apathy (1894) entered the 

 field chiefly due to the taunts of Rohde (1894) whose 

 studies of the muscle cells of Ascriris caused him to 

 attack the whole structure of the school of neurone cy- 

 tology which Apathy was developing. It was Rohde's 



dermis to the lateral chord but also becomes inserted 

 into the cuticle. He did not differ with Apathy as to 

 any facts, only interpretations. He viewed the entire 

 fibrillar system not only within the muscle but also with- 

 in the nerve cells as supportive. From his standpoint 

 the entii-e theory that neurofibrils transmitted impulses 

 was false. Invoking KoltzofF's Principle he explained 

 the system as skeletal. According to this view non- 

 spheroid cells develop an intracellular skeleton in order 

 to retain their shape. Nerve cells are iC direct proto- 

 plasmic continuity with one another (This cannot be 

 denied at least as to some cells in nemas) and nerve 

 impulses pass through the cytoplasm. 



Such discussion is pure theory of broad application 



TeMlafel 1. 



12 1* 16 l8l1!ll1ZI»M6l18l20l!212«l?6iai30l3?IMI36l38l«IWI«lWH«l50l R I Ml SSi 581 60 I 62I»166I6«1?0 17217* I 76l7BieOIB218» 186I88I90I92 l«l9619eill»l«Kimil06ll0ei110ni2imill6irai12OIBI»llZ6|i28M30l1SinM136l 



■ I2I *l 6 1 8l«l12ll»ll6l18i20l2Zi24l26l2»l3OI32l3*i36I3eiMH2l«l'*IWiS(ll 21 »l »l 581 iOIK 1 6*1 » 1(81 10 I 72 I7»lie 1 78 I8III 8ZI Otiae'SeiSO '« i» [«!«( i«ll1(l2no«ll06l«l lllll112imi1l6[I18lHII122iEll126"128ll30)132!ai136l 



Fig. 134. 



h Zool JK1I Bd 



Diagram of lateral part of nervous system of Ascaris lumbri- 

 coides. Dorsal part of nerve ring on readers' left, ventral part on 



readers' right. See also fig. 130. After Goldschmidt. 1909, Ztsclir. 

 Wiss. Zool., V. 92 (2). 



idea that the entire conception of the condition in other 

 animals was fundamentally wrong and that the con- 

 dition in Ascaris was typical. Apathy found the ascaridid 

 muscle to contain an intimate and complex network of 

 fibrils (Fig. 49 H) which not only converge in the 

 "innervation" process but also continue into the hypo- 

 dermis and finally reach the lateral and submedian 

 somatic nerves. He conceived this "neurofibril" net- 

 work as going from the median somatic nerve via the 

 innervation process to the individual fibrils and thence 

 back to the lateral nerves. Apathy explained the in- 

 nervation process as an "interstitial muscle" in which a 

 large neurofibrillar process was centrally located. 



Deineka (1908), using intravitam methylene blue, 

 observed direct union of nerve cells by contact and some 

 intracellular neurofibrils passing from cell to cell. He 

 described the "innervation" processes as direct branches 

 of the somatic nerves each of which forms a wide terminal 

 plate at its contact with the muscle (Fig. 130 X). As • 

 Rouville (1910-1911) and (Joldschmidt (1910) pointed 

 out this was a misinterpretation due to the stains flow 

 along the process until it reached the chief part of ths 

 muscle .cell. There can be no doubt that the innervation 

 processes are directly continuous with the sarcoplasmic 

 portion of the muscle cell. 



Goldschmidt (1910) agreed with all the facts as pre- 

 sented by Apathy but pointed out that the central fibril 

 of each innervation process is directly continuous (Fig. 

 130 Y) with a neurofibril and that tbs fibrillar network 

 of the muscle fcell not only passes through the hypo- 



and not particularly significant to nematology. No 

 one denies that the fibrillar netwoi'k exists and that 

 neurofibrils pass from the somatic nerves to the m/uscle 

 cell where they break up. Thus far nemas are in com- 

 plete conformity with other groups of animals. The fact 

 that the sareoplasm of the muscle icell ensheaths the 

 fibrils forming an "innervation process" no longer seems 

 as important as Schneider and Rohde believed it to be. 



Bibliography 



Apathy, S. 1894. — .Das leitende Element in den Muskel- 



fasern von Ascaris. Arch. Mikr. Anat., v. 43 (4) : 



886-911, pi. 36. 



1897. — Das leitende Element des Nervensystem:; 



und seine Topographischen Beziehungen zu den Zellen. 



Erste Mitth. Zool. Station Neapel., v. 12 (4) : 495- 



748, pis. 23-32. 

 BASTI.4N, H. C. 1864. — ^On the structure and nature of the 



Dro.cuncithis, or guineaworm. Tr. Linn. So:. Lond., 



(1863) V. 24 (2) : 101-134, pis. 21-22, fi3:s. 1-60. 



1S66. — ^On the anatomy and physiology of the 



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their zoological position and affinities to the echino- 



derms. Phil. Tr. Roy. Soc. Lond., v. 156: 545-638, pis. 



22-28. 

 Blanchard, E. 1847. — Recherches sur I'organisation des 



vers. Ann. Sc. Nat. Par., Zool., 3. s., v. 7:87-128; v. 



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172 



