TABLE OF CONTENTS 



C. AiR-AND- Water Vision 429 



The Main Problem, 429 — Amphibious Vision in Teleosts, 



431 — Amphibians and Crocodilians, 436 — Turtles, 436 — 

 Amphibious Squamates, 438 — Amphibious Birds, 438 — 

 Amphibious Mammals, 442. 



D. The Spectacle 449 



Injurious Substrates, 449 — Types of Spectacles, 449 — Pri- 

 mary Spectacles and the History of the Cornea and Con- 

 junctiva, 449 — Secondary Spectacles, 453 — Tertiary Spec- 

 tacles in Reptiles, 454 — Tertiary Spectacles in Fishes, 459. 



12. ADAPTATIONS TO PHOTIC QUALITY . . . .462 



A. Color Vision in Animals 462 



The Limits of the Spectrum, 462 — Value and Origin of 



Color Vision — 462 — Evidence for Color Vision, 465 — A 

 Sample Ideal Procedure for Investigation, 467 — Fishes, 

 472— Amphibians, 490— Reptiles, 494— Birds, 497— Mam- 

 mals, 504 — Phylogeny of Color Vision, 518 — Locus of 

 Color Vision, 521. 



B. Dermal Color-Changes 523 



Modes of Color Change, 524 — 'Physiological' and 'Morph- 

 ological' Chromatophoral Changes, 526 — Control Through 

 the Eye, 527^ — Physiological Color Changes in Teleosts, 

 528 — Mode of Control in Teleosts, 529 — Response to 

 Albedo, 530 — Morphological Color Changes in Teleosts, 

 532 — Color Changes in Amphibians, 535 — Dermal Changes 

 in Lower Fishes, and 'Diurnal Rhythms', 537 — Color 

 Changes in Reptiles, 538. 



C. Coloration of the Eye 543 



Basis of Iris Colors, 543— Possible Significance, 543 — 

 Conspicuousness of the Eye, 544 — Concealment of the 

 Eye?, 544 — Concealment of the Pupil?, 548— Sexual and 

 Temporal Differences, 549. 



Part III — Synoptic 



Chapter ^ ^ Page 



13. CYCLOSTOMES 555 



A. Lampreys 555 



The Eye as a Whole, 555— The Retina, 560. 



B. Hags 562 



14. HIGHER FISHES 563 



A. Elasmobranchs 563 



The Eye as a Whole, 563— The Retina, 568. 



