754 



INDEX AND GLOSSARY 



lids — cont'd 



aperture of — orientation etc., 38-40, 422- 



424, 428, 641, 644 

 blinking reflex of 



in birds, 644 



cause of, 40-41 



speed of, 40, 425 



substitute for, 427 

 development of, 115, 117, 436, 452 

 effects of, on eyeball struaure, 428 

 as source of spectacle, 423 

 tarsal plates of, taxonomically: 



chelonians, 422 



crocodilians, 421-422 



Sphenodon, 420-421 



lizards, 423 



birds, 424 



mammals in general, 425-426, 665 



whales, 412 



seals, 445 



man, 39-40 

 temporary, 431-432, 452, 578 

 vertical (see adipose, above) 

 'window' in, 423, 440, 450, 457 

 taxonomically: 



elasmobranchs, 382, 386, 428-429, 563 

 amphibians 



aquatic, 407, 419, 593, 601 



terrestrial, 419, 423, 430, 436, 593, 601 

 chelonians, 422-423, 450, 457 

 crocodilians, 421-422 

 Sphenodon, 42 1 

 lizards, 423, 457-458 

 birds, 424-425, 644 

 mammals, 425-427, 443-445, 665 



sirenians, 408 



whales, 413-414 



seals, 444-445 



man, 38-41, 39 

 Lieben, 535 

 ligament 



annular, 159-160*, 574*, 580*, 604 



taxonomically: 



lampreys, 557, 574 



sturgeons, 570, 574 



holosteans, 574 



teleosts, 577, 580-581, 584 

 pectinate, 275, 278*, 280, 557, 596, 613, 

 629*, 645-648, 668, 679-680*, 683 

 suspensory (of lens; see also zonule) 



taxonomically: 



elasmobranchs, 564, 567 



sturgeons, 571, 575 



holosteans, 575 



teleosts, 261, 577, 583 

 tenacular: restraining 



of ciliary body, 275, 280, 645 



of eyeball, 578 



light (see also color, spectrum) 



absorption of: the reception of light in a 

 material and its conversion into 

 radiation of longer wavelengths 

 (usually 'heat' — infra-red 'light'); 

 absorption and fluorescence are 

 essentially the same phenomenon; 

 cf. fluorescence, below. 

 in deep-sea environment, 393-403 

 dispersion of (see chromatic aberration) 

 fluorescence of: the reception of short- 

 wave (usually ultra-violet) light 

 in a material and its re-radiation 

 at longer (usually visible) wave- 

 lengths; differs from 'absorption' 

 only as to the portion of the grand 

 spectrum involved; 375, 488-489 

 infra-red 



absorption of, by water, 373 

 photography with, 197 

 visibility of, 502 

 interference of: a phenomenon occurring 

 in extremely thin films of reflective 

 material, wherein light rays reflect- 

 ed from the top and bottom sur- 

 faces of the film are variously out 

 of phase, resulting in cancellation 

 of some wavelengths and reinforce- 

 ment of others, so that the reflected 

 light is colored though the incident 

 light be white and the film devoid 

 of differentially-absorbing (colored) 

 substances; 231, 526, 543 

 nature of, 1-2* 



—producing organs: photophores, q.v. 

 properties of water toward, 369, 373-379, 



462, 488-489 

 reflection of (see also tapetum lucidum) 

 critical angle of, 3 77* -3 78 

 under water, 375-376 

 refrartion of, 22*, 22, 23-24, 265 

 scattering of, 195, 197 

 as sensation, 1-2 

 ultra-violet, 473* 



absorption of, in ocular media, 196 

 absorption of, in water, 373, 375 

 harmfulness of, 196, 375, 417, 524 

 visibility of, 488-489, 515 

 light-cells (of brain), 522-523 

 lighdess habitats, 209-210 

 limicolous: mud -dwelling 

 limitans: external limiting membrane of 

 lion (a felid) [retina, q.v. 



American: cougar, q.v. 

 eye and vision of, 145, 245-246 

 tapetum lucidum of, 145, 234, l^'J-l^S 



lionfish: Pterois, 



lipid, lipoid: of fatty nature 



