FARMERS' INSTITUTES. 95 



We spray the trees thorouf?hly with this. Then we wait until the new 

 growth starts, about ten days after the blossoms fall, commencing per- 

 haps three or four days after, and spray it again. But we cannot use the 

 copper sulphate on these, because it burns the foliage if used alone; so 

 we add the lime. For every ten gallons we take a pound of copper sul- 

 phate and a pound of lime, dilute each one-half, and put them together, 

 making ten gallons of each. Then we have the Bordeaux mixture ready 

 for use. The old way was to dissolve and dilute after mixing. The gain 

 in this case is that it does not settle to the bottom so quickly; it stands 

 up better in the water if we take a pound of each, slake and dissolve 

 them, and add five gallons to each, making ten gallons, and the mixture 

 is complete. 



At this time I would add Paris green, four ounces in fifty gallons of 

 water. Thus we can spray and cover the leaves for the diseases, prevent 

 the spores from starting, and by applying the poison at this time, guard 

 against the leaf eating insects, and the codling moth. Repeat this 

 application at the end of two weeks, and ordinarily this will answer. 

 Sometimes I find it desirable to spray again, and perhaps even a fourth 

 time, with the Bordeaux mixture, and it is not a bad plan to keep on with 

 the Paris green. 



THE APPARATUS. 



I advise the spraying of our trees thoroughly, and to do that we should 

 have an efficient spraying apparatus. My first spraying was with a kind 

 of squirt gun, and many farmers try to spray orchards now with pumps 

 on the squirt gun order, and they are discouraged" with the whole thing. 

 The earlier pumps made were not adapted for the purpose, and the noz- 

 zles would soon clog, the valves would wear out, and there was trouble 

 all along the line. Get a powerful pump and have one that is of brass, 

 so far as the working parts go, as the copper sulphate destroys the iron 

 pumps. You will then have an efficient pump, but have it powerful 

 enough to throw the stream over the highest trees. 



Then, too, the old pump was supplied from a bucket or barrel, and 

 while the barrel may answer in small orchards, I believe it better to have 

 something larger than a barrel. We use a tank for the purpose, an ordi- 

 nary stock tank, with a cover fitted to it; we placed this on wheels and 

 put the pump on top of it, and as the team draws it along, it keeps the 

 material in suspension and prevents settling. The tanks hold from eight 

 to twelve barrels, and we can spray for hours without running dry. It 

 is a great saving to have a large tank, and in our case we can often work 

 a half day on sinall trees without reloading, and on ordinary soil the 

 draft is not great, unless we get over eight barrels, and I always plan to 

 go to the firmest ground first. 



In regard to spraying materials and apparatus, I would advise that 

 we use some form of extension rod; the old plan was to hold a nozzle in 

 the hand; that was improved upon by having a little longer hose and 

 having a pole, but in that case we had to lift the heavy pole and hose; now 

 small gas pipes are sometimes used, ordinary galvanized iron pipes, with 

 a nozzle at the upper end, and the spray is large and the amount of water 

 small. Better than that, we have now the brass pipes; they are more 



