72 IOWA DEPAETMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 



dinner, they took a hatchet and chopped off a small chunk of this 

 frozen bean soup. This they put in a little kettle over the fire and 

 warmed it up, so that all the way to Boston they had bean porridge hot 

 and bean porridge cold. You smile at these poor little economies, be- 

 cause you do not have to practice them, yet it was these little savings, 

 the quarter, the dime or the penny, which helped develop this coun- 

 try. But what was done with the money thus saved? As many of 

 your men know, it was sent out to your country, to the West, to be 

 loaned to western farmers, on farm mortgages, and thus it helped de- 

 velop your country. You paid the mortgages promptly and well, and 

 now, I am told, your money, or at least part of it, is actually going back 

 to help build the great sky scrapers in the Eastern cities and help pro- 

 vide spending money for the descendants of those old farmers. I say 

 that you may smile, if you like, at the economy of the Yankee. Y'ou 

 have a great country, you are rich beyond your own conception of it, and 

 yet, if you will go back to the germ of it, back to the unit from which it 

 started, you will find that you are quite likely to run up against the 

 beans, the fish-balls, the doughnuts and the cheese that were eaten in 

 the New England kitchen a century ago. 



The development of eastern farming has been forced upon us by other 

 industries. Your development has largely followed the development of 

 the methods of handling the soil and growing stock. With us, how- 

 ever, farming has been changed by the growth of other industries. It 

 has followed the developing of railroading, manufacturing and commerce. 

 We have been obliged to change our methods of work with the change 

 in our markets. Your towns and cities take a back seat and are dom- 

 inated by the farms. With us it is just the reverse and we change our 

 crop as the markets force us to change it. For example, I can tell you 

 some surprising things about the development of markets in New York 

 City. It may surprise you to know that tens of thousands of people in 

 New York will not drink city water. The sanitary people have talked 

 so much about the dangers of this water, that there has sprung up a de- 

 mand for the natural spring water out of the brooks and springs of 

 country hills in New England and New Jersey. This water is bottled 

 at the spring and sent to the great cities, and it is an actual fact that in 

 some cases the men who sell this water obtain more for it than their 

 neighbors do for milk. It costs over $90 a year for the drinking water 

 in cur office. In the whole building where I work this cost is probably 

 over $2,500 a year. In the city of Cortland, N. Y''., a few years ago, 

 there was a consumption per capita of three-eighths of a quart of milk. 

 A doctor started to educate the people on the theory that milk is not a 

 luxury, but a necessity, and that good milk is better than bad. As a result 

 of that education, in one year, the consumption of milk was increased 

 from three-eighths to five-eighths of a quart per capita. I speak of 

 these things to show you how, as large cities develop and as men 

 acquire large quantities of money, the tastes and demands for such goods 

 will always increase, and naturally this changes the crops which a 

 farmer will produce. 



