Price.] ^'^ [March 3, 17, &. 



In Scotland "the diicclion of the scratches, ruts, and grooves upon the 

 rock head, usually coincides with the trend of the valleij in \vhi(;h tlic till 

 occurs." Geikie's Ice Age, 21. "In the Northern Highland * * they 

 keep parallel to the trend of the great glens ; and in the Southern Up- 

 lands, likewise, they follow all the windings of the chief dales and 

 'hoi)es. ' " p. 80. A hope is a sloping plane between ridges of mountains. 

 Let us remember these local indications. 



And James Geikie asks, "What do we learn from the erratics?" the far- 

 traveled blocks over the whole face of the country. "The highland 

 boulders on the Pentlands and Lamniermuirs, for example, after crossing 

 Strathallan or Strathearn, traversed either the Campsie or Ochil Hills, and 

 passed athwart the broad vale of the Forth before they finished their journey. 

 By what agent were they transported ? The answer is bj' a colossal glacier. " 

 p. 228-4. "It is a fact that most, if not all, the erratics have traveled in 

 directions that coincide with the trend of the rock-stria." "The erratics 

 lying loose upon the ground have moved in the identical direction, followed 

 by the till of the same regions ; a directicm which it need hardl\- be said 

 coincides with that of the underlying rock-striations. Indeed, when the 

 till is carefully searched it not infrequently yields fragments of the same 

 rocks as those of which the erratics lying loose at the surface are com- 

 posed." 224-5. Mark how coincident with the topography. 



He further proceeds to say, that after the great glacial deposits of Scot- 

 land, "the country at length became submerged to a depth in the south- 

 east and west midland district of probably as much as 1,100 or 1,280 feet." 

 353, 255. " The river deposits of the lowlands Avere now partially re-as- 

 sorted, or top-dressed, as it were, by the action of the sea. As the sub- 

 mergence approached its clima.x the temperature became colder ; ice- rafts 

 Jfoitled about, and dropped "boulders over the sea-bottom. These are now 

 found floating on the slopes of the reassorted gravels, and enclosed in strati- 

 lied clays, the character of the shells in which prove the climate to have 

 been severe." 353. 



Mr. J. Geikie finds in England, Wales and Ireland the like evidence of 

 glaciation, of depression of the land and infiow of the sea, and the eleva- 

 tion again of the land ; but no true till has been found in east Anglia. 371. 

 " The striae upon the rocks, and the direction in which the till has traveled, 

 mark out clearly the i)ath taken by the great sheet of ice which wrai)ped 

 up Ireland even as it enveloped Scotland." 373. 



Scandinavia, Northern Europe generally, Switzerland, the Vosges, Black 

 Forest, and Pyrenees, bear evidence of former Arctic conditions. "Even 

 as far south as latitude 37°, the former existence of glaciers in the Sierra 

 •Nevada has been proved;" * * "and so on with most, or perhaps all, 

 tlie hillier regions of Europe, great snow fields existed where now tliere 

 are none," or but " insignificant successors." 379. And the like account 

 is given on tlie testimony of travelers of Caucasus, Atlas, Lebanon, the 

 Himalaya, and mountains in the north of China and in North America. 

 "The direction of the glaciation in the extreme north of Scandinavia, the 



