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grooves crossed at various ansles, and "the stritc are, moreover, iiot rigor- 

 ously straiglil, but curve siigiitly to conform to inequalities in the shape 

 and hardness of the resisting surface." 2 Geo. of Penna., 77o. 



Dr. Dawson says : "I liave no liesitation in asserting, from my own ob 

 servations as well as from those of others, that for the southwest strifttion 

 Xhn (iiriicl'um Viiis from the ocean toicanl the interior, against the slope of 

 the St. Lawrence Valley. The crag-and-tail forms of all our isolated hills, 

 and the direction of the transport of boulders carried from them show 

 throughout Canada the movement was from northeast to southwest. This 

 at once disposes of the glacier theory for the prevailing set of stria-, for we 

 cannot suppose a glacier moving from the Atlantic up into the interior. 

 On the other hand, it is eminently favorable to the idea of ocean drift." 69. 

 This was l)ased upon the idea of a submergence of Canada, New York, 

 and New England, and an Arctic current bearing ice in the forms there pro- 

 duced. He proceeds to say: " Now we know that in the Post-pliocene 

 Period, Eastern America was submerged, and consequentlj' the striation at 

 once comes into harmonj' with other geological facts." 70. 



Dr. Edward Hitchcock, in his address in 1841, says: " The group named 

 post-tertiary by Mr. Lyell, is found also in the northern part of New York 

 and in Canada, containing shells of a more Arctic character than those now 

 living in the same latitudes." p. 18. To produce the drift, scratchings, 

 and transportation of boulders witnessed, the agents must have been water 

 and ice, exerted before the existence of man on the continent ; yet geologi- 

 cally recent ; but he did not pronounce his belief in the great ice-sheet. 

 22, 23. 



Professor Rogers says : "From the coast of Maine Avestward to the basin 

 of Lake Ontario, and from the estuary of ;.he Hudson northward to that 

 of the St. Lawrence, a deposit of blue clay and sand occupies the valleys 

 of many of the rivers at all levels above the tide and to a height of more 

 than four hundred feet in the Valley of Lake Champlain, where its eleva- 

 tion is at its maximum." And speaking of the later local drift, he says : 

 "No one general direction or northern source can be assigned to this upper 

 deposit, its f/rnvel and erratic hlockn appear inr/ rather to be derived from the 

 more ancient general drift of the adjoining hills, redispersed by some aque- 

 ous movement upon the surface of the fossiliferous clays and sands." 2 Geo. 

 of Pa., 775. 



To proceed with our survey geographically from east to west. The 

 Geology of New Jersey by George H. Cook presents us with some relevant 

 information. He says : " After the process of deposition had ceased, the 

 whole of this ancient shore has been elevated to nearly four hundred feet 

 above the ocean level. This has taken place bodily." But, "Stmie pow- 

 erful agency like that of water, or water and ice, has swept over the whole 

 country, and has worn down its surface in gullies, valleys, or broader in- 

 tervals, sometimes to the amount of three or four hundred feet." p. 285. 

 He gives twenty-four observations of scratches on the Traprocks. Of 

 seven on the Palisades their course is south 20 to 40 degrees east ; Bergen 



