Price.] ^OD [March 3, 17, & 



Valley rose from the ocean, and at dilFercnt elevations the abraiding ice 

 had dilFerent directions. 



By the Ohio Geol. Survey, vol. i, p. 538, it appears that of the striae 

 across the islands in tlie west end of Lake Erie and in the Maumee Valley, 

 sixteen observations in eif!:ht counties, have a bearing south 80° west to 35<^ 

 west with two intersecting grooves .south 15^ west. At West Sister Island 

 the glacier moves westward, the pressure and planing being greatest at the 

 east front, while on the opposite shore the undulating surface of the rock 

 has been merely scratched, p. 539. The limestone rocks of that island 

 contained imbedded flint nodules, which offered a greater resistance to the 

 ice. On the "lee" side of each is a long ridge in the limestone by reason 

 of the protection of the hard flint. This i)henomenon, says Mr. Gilbert, 

 "seems to afford a better explanation of the long, smooth, even furrows so 

 frequently seen, than the theory that they have been engraved or ploughed 

 by large boulders ;" p. 540 ; that is to say, the rocks were ground by the 

 ice. 



Dr. Newberry describes the drift deposits of Ohio, and as to the lowest 

 says, the "sheet of clay and boulders I have termed the Glacial Drift be- 

 cause it seems to be the direct product of glacial action." p. 86. Scattered 

 over the drifts are numerous boulders, often of great size. They must 

 have "been floated to and dropped upon their present resting places. In 

 my judgment no other agent than floating ice could have accomplished 

 their transport in the manner in which it has been done. Hence, I have 

 considered them as the result of iceberg action, and have termed them and 

 the northern gravel with which they are associated, the Iceberg Drift." 

 87, 183 ; 2 vol. 4. 



Pursuing the Ohio Survey into the second volume of 1874, Dr. J. S. 

 Newberry gives many pertinent observations and reflections: "In Ohio 

 we have no geological formations intervening between the Carboniferous 

 and the Quaternary." The reason, " about the close of the Carboniferous 

 Age the Allegheny Mountains were raised, carrying up all the area lying 

 between the Mississippi and the Atlantic. From that time to the Quater- 

 nary no part of this region, with the exception of the southern margin, 

 was ever submerged." " West of the Mississippi the land has been often 

 and long below the ocean level since the epoch of the coal measures." 

 "The materials which accnmulatcd during the Quaternary arc beds of clay, 

 sand, gravel, and boulders, which have received the name of Drift.'' 

 "The drift deposits cover nearly all parts of the State." p. 1. He holds 

 that the rocks were planed down to latitude 40 by glacial action, p. 2. The 

 lowest drift deposit, "though not always present, is a tough, blue, unstrali- 

 fied clay, generally thickly set with small stones ; more rarely containing 

 those of larger size, ground and scratched;" hence, called the boulder clay. 

 " In certain localities the pebbly 'hard-pan;' or boulder clay, is overlaid 

 by a greater or less thickness of fine laminated claj', without pebbles;" 

 and these blend so as to leave no line of demarcation, and together are 

 called Erie clay. Above is the Forest Bed. p. 3. "In Western Ohio, In- 



