April 8, ISTii.J ^^^ [Price. 



ice in motion bj^ gravitation, we have all the conditions necessary to 

 account for all the glaciation and glaciers of which we find the traces in 

 every country. That the greater glaciers have had such cause seems apparent 

 from their effects remaining where the glacier ice left them. Within reach 

 is ever the producing mountain, or was the open sea to the Arctic. These are 

 sufficing causes for all we see within the range of the causes. The grooves of 

 greater glaciers are seen in parallel lines at great heights on the mountain 

 sides of the glacier-valleys, where glaciers now are, and in thousands of 

 places where they have ceased to be ; and there are the moraines, and the 

 rocks moutonne, rounded and scored rocks in place, and those transported, 

 all having an exact relation to the moving cause. The Earth by Reclus, 

 Ch. 36. These are the certain proofs that the mountains have been greater, 

 and the evaporation not less, but probably much greater, when the Earth 

 was warmer. For these a continental or polar ice-sheet would in no wise ac- 

 count. It is not needed and is an unfitting explanation of the boulders 

 spread so widely south and east of the Baltic, and even over Scotland, 

 Wales and England ; and such degree of cold may have been so induced 

 by mountain elevations and Arctic sea currents as to invite Arctic animals 

 and plants southward and to drive other animals further south. "It is 

 now beyond all question," says Reclus that the numerous lines of rocks 

 which are found here and there all over Northern Russia have proceeded 

 from the granite mountains of Scandinavia. When an immense sea ex- 

 tended over Finland between the Baltic and the Polar Ocean, the blocks of 

 ice which fell into the water that washed the base of the Scandinavian moun- 

 tains, drifted away in flotillas towards the southeast to the shores of the 

 continent opposite. The prominent angles of the granite blocks contained 

 in the masses of floating ice have traced out long furrows over all the points 

 and projections of the rocks in Finland, which was then only a marine 

 shoal. M. Nordenskiold has ascertained that almost all these lines of 

 erosion tend from the northwest to the southeast, and that all the rocks with 

 which the icebergs have come into contact are polished on the side which 

 faces toward Scandinavia, while on the other side they have in every case 

 retained their uneven surftices, their projections and their clefts. With re- 

 gard to the boulders themselves, they are all more rounded by friction the 

 more distant they are from the Sweedish mountains of which they once 

 formed a part." lb. 219. And the same effects are there yet taking place, 

 on a smaller scale. 



During the winter of 1862-3, immense masses of ice, coming from Fin- 

 land, were cast upon the southern coast of the gulf, and thrown upon the 

 land a distance of more than three hundred yards from the shore, and to a 

 height of thirty feet above the level of the sea. The ice which was forty 

 to fifty feet deep, overwhelmed many dwellings and whole forests. In the 

 latter large quantities of stones were subsequently found, which the ice 

 left when it thawed. Reclus, 219, citing Keyserling and Von Baer. 



The Danish Professor, Dr. Forchhammer, relates a striking fact to show 

 that large quantities of rocky fragments are annually carried by ice out of 



