1876.J ^-^^ [Gatschet. 



case, the possessive, and that hepaiaa simply means "on the neck," or 

 "belonging to the neck," or "of the neck;" then hepai, hepei, or hepaia 

 would be the term for neck. 



Cases. By a similar analytical process we arrive at the discovery of a 

 few other case suffixes. Putting together the sentences in which the end- 

 ings -ak and -ok are found, we get the following : 



shaya yetsoAanak enubaha I am not in the house. 



shaya yetsoAanak on be / was not in the house. 



hetsho-olok ya^anoka? What do you eati What do you feed on^. 



Aananoke vauva to die of poison. 



The two first sentences give us a locative case in -ak, the two latter an 

 instrumental case in -ok. 



The vowel -u- occurs at several places, where it seems to be a case-suffix, 

 but is not yet demonstrable as such. If a^'uelpa, for instance, which means 

 source, spring-water, is composed of a^: ica^ey and he-lepuen thicket, wood, 

 tree, (springs are often found near thickets), the inserted -u- can hardly 

 be anything else but a case-suffix or a particle of relation; secondly: etal- 

 Aono to speak is composed of eta to come and jon a man, man and there- 

 fore signifies in fact "to come to a man." From this maybe inferred, 

 that -t- and -o- [-U-) are both particles of relation. 



The ending -sh, which in verbs is used as a substitute for the pronouns 

 shaya /and shaibar we, d::)es not seem to be used as a case-suffix, but is 

 found sometimes incorporated in the midst of words, as in naitchon-se-lon 

 fire-match, ya-tch-A:enon bread [ya- prefix, yata to eat). As a final sound 

 we find it in words like : 



tagash sun, from ta ton tcann, hot (cf. Aztec tonatiuh sun, from tona to 

 be hot). 



nashish terrapin. se-ketiesh eight. 



auvash buffalo cf au deer. mish- in : mishbai one. 



npinsho^ common fly, house-fly. nososs young. 



mitish three. ha ash many. (See : prefix s?i-.) 



Having discussed the more important features of T. grammar in my (mer- 

 man publication, I shall not at present dwell any longer upon this subject, 

 but pass over to the etymological dissection of some compound words and 

 wind up with some ethnographical remarks of general interest. 



In forming compounds of two substantives, the Tonka wa language places 

 tlie depending after the governing substantive. Man, male means a-akon, 

 in compounds akon; it occupies the first place in akon-kvalo, the man of 

 the staff or stick, viz.: the chief; it stands second in such terms, as desig- 

 nate objects for personal use, instruments, etc., f.i. okopak-jon hat (lit. 

 hat of man). Adjectives not used as predicates seem bound to stand be- 

 hind the substantive or noun they qualify : at lA ^^'^ icater, akon vo^van 

 little, young man, boy. 



From atche to see I derive the following terms : elchnan day; daylight, 

 shining and seeing being ideas closely connected among themselves ; 

 tagash-aitch6tak the east, \ii.: " sxm-where-to see," XMa direction in which 



PROC. AMER. PHILOS. SOC. XVI. 98, 20 



