1877.J O^T [Gatschet. 



the limits of the Timucua monarcliy, but at the present time it is not pos- 

 sible to state its domain even by a rough approximation. 



The name is written by the Spanish chroniclers Timagoa, Timuca, Ti- 

 mucua, Timuaca; by French authors Thimagona; by the English Tomoco, 

 Atimuca, and contains the word atimoqwt, which occurs in Pareja's books, 

 f. i. in the Confessionario, on page 205, meaning lord, ruler. 



In the sixteenth century the native population of northeastern Florida 

 was governed by small chiefs, each of them ruling with absolute power 

 over one or a few settlements laid out in the shape of corrals. These dim- 

 inutive princes (or olata, holata) depended from a monarch in the same 

 manner as the vassals of mediseval times depended of their suzerain or liege 

 lord. To judge from the numerous revolts against their supremacj-, tlie 

 rule of the Timucua suzerain must have been rather despotic and arbi- 

 trary. His title was Paracussi, and, when spoken of in his quality as war- 

 chief, Urriparacussi, iirri or iri meaning war. His residence on Lake 

 George seems to have been stationary ; the name given for it by th.e 

 chroniclers, Utina or Utinama, simply means "my country," and when 

 used for the King himself it is abbreviated from Paracussi Utina. 



We are informed by Barcia {Ensai/o, page 48) that at the time of Rene 

 Laudonniere's expedition, in 1564, forty vassal-chiefs obeyed the commands 

 of this ruler. The tribe or province of the Timagoa was then governed 

 by the Cacique Mollave, and the natives represented his territory to be rich 

 in precious metals. Mollave was the vassal of a mighty king, of whose 

 real name we are not apprized, though his title is given as Olata Otina, in 

 Spanish "Seiior de muchos Seiiores." This monarch wielded his sceptre 

 over forty sub-chiefs, and the names of the most powerful of them are 

 given as Chadeca, Chililo, Echonobio, Enacapen, Calanio, Anachatagua, 

 Uvitaque, Aequej-a, 3Iocoqo. A chief named Potano-u was then rebelling 

 against the Olata Otina, who was himself warring against another mon- 

 arch, Soturiba, the commander of thirty caciques or sub-chiefs, and was 

 forced by him to a disastrous and sudden retreat. 



The following local names were collected from various sources and 

 though I cannot vouch for the correctness of their orthographj', I believe 

 all of them contain words from the Timucua language : Itara, Potano, 

 Gholupaha, Caliquen, Napetuca, Hapciluya, Axille {Ausile), Salainototo, 

 Ajohica, Taraliica, Alachua (Lachua) ; and two river names : Aquila 

 (reed, vine), Ajano hibita chirieo (river of small acorns). Father Fr. Par- 

 eja quotes the provinces of Mocama, Itafi, Timucua, Potano and the 

 " FresIi-water-District." The westernmost town of the Timucua on the 

 border of the Apalache country is given as Aside, the easternmost of the 

 Apalaches being Ibitachuco. 



While it is diflBcult or impossible for topographers of our time to locate 

 on our present maps most of the Floridian places mentioned in the six- 

 teenth and seventeenth centuries, it is on the other side apparent that manj'^ 

 local names surviving at the present time are of Indian origin, and that 

 after obtaining a sufficient knowledge of the Timucua tongue we will be 



