570, IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE^, 



possess all the style, finish and quality possible. He should be the near- 

 est living model of his kind that time, distance and means can procure. 

 The boar should carry great size. The potent sire must be large and 

 have stamina and constitutional vigor. His body should be of good 

 length, well coupled, even and smooth and symmetrical. Combined with 

 great size, the boar must have finish, especially in the head. The boar 

 that will not stand a square look in the face cannot pass. The head 

 should be short, fine, and smooth, and the face broad between the eyes 

 and expressive of intelligence and kind disposition; the eyes open, bright, 

 and clear; ears fine, soft, and silky; jowl full and smooth; neck full and 

 broad on top; shoulders wide and deep, broad on top, compact, smooth, and 

 well down on arm; back of good length, slightly arched, broad, and even; 

 loins full and smooth ribs well sprung from the back; chest large and 

 roomy; rump long, broad, well rounded, and tail set well up, tapering, and 

 curled; hams long, deep, and thick well rounded from points down to 

 hocks; sides long, straight, deep, and clear of wrinkles, and flanks let well 

 down; legs short, sot wide apart, and standing erect; the fore legs should 

 stand plumb and be muscled on arms; hind legs strong and hocks well 

 set; pastern short, neat, and firm; hoofs tough and toes close and erect. 

 The boar should be commanding in size, stylish in action, stately in car- 

 riage, perfect in symmetry, attractive and imposing in presence. If his 

 qualities are inherited in common from the sire and the dam, he will like- 

 ly stamp his individuality. He should get both good males and good 

 females. The argument that it is necessary to keep one sire to get good 

 males and another to get good females is ridiculous, untenable, and with- 

 out foundation. i 



The sow should be the same type as the boar, medium to large in size 

 for her class, but need not be nearly so large as the boar. She should 

 possess as much finish and more refinement and quality. Her face should 

 be broad and smooth between the eyes, and tapering gradually to the 

 end of the nose. She should have smooth shoulders and straight, smooth 

 side lines, and possess neatness symmetry, and style. She should be kind 

 and quiet in disposition, an easy feeder, and prolific. 



The requirements of the female should not be limited to one or to a 

 few individuals. It is similarity or uniformity throughout the herd, 

 indicating a fixed type, that shows the skilful breeder. 



It is safe to affirm that the true method of development and perpetua- 

 tion of "type" is "line breeding." 



The questions of "in-and-in breeding" and the extreme "outcrossing." 

 together with confusion of ideas and differences of opinion, suggest a dis- 

 cussion of the principles of breeding — not with the purpose of settling the 

 question with all the mysteries pertaining to it at this time and place, 

 but simply to arrive at a better understanding of knoAyn facts. 



One of the principles of breeding, old as creation and fixed as the law 

 of nature, is termed heredity. Heredity is the principle which causes 

 resemblance, a similarity or uniformity in a species, and concentrates 

 in the individual the sum and aggregation of all the ancestors. Wild 

 animals in a state of nature are pure examples of heredity. They have 



