Erik Po 11 top pi (lan, l)ishop of Bergen, among otlier tilings mentions (20 and 21 Bd. II. p. 228) the breeding of whales, 

 repeating the statement of the perpendicular position of the animals in the water while pairing ; that the new-born animal is 

 from 8 to 10 feet long; that it sucks the breast of wliich the nipples are near the anus; and that tlie mother shelters the 

 young one, when it is tired, beneath her great pectoral. 



Cxunnerus, bishop of Trondhjem, gives a long account of the Phocæna (22. II, 176.5, pp. 2.58 — 269) and 

 the Orca (22. IV, 1768, pp. 99 — 112) but says nothing about their embryos or breeding. The contributions of these 

 learned divines towards tlie natural history of the Cetacea is of considerable interest. 



We tind several observations in the work by Otho Fabricius, which is of such importance to Arctic fauna. He 

 quotes in his '"Fauna gronlandica'' remarks on the breeding and the young of certain Whales. Thus, he says of the pairing 

 of Balæna mysticetus: 'Torpore erecto, capite supra aquam prominente.-' It brings forth its young, generally only 1, 

 in April. "The Bala; n a hoops (i. e. Megaptera boops) gives birth to cmly one young one. but certainly not every year."' 

 The young one follows the mother until the next one is born. Tlie Phocæna gives birth to one young one, which keeps 

 with the mother the first year. ''Si gravida occiditur, ex utero cauda pulli prominens conspici solet, forsitan matre in 

 angustiis parere conante." Of the Delphinus albicans (i. e. Delphinapterus leucas, Pall.) it is related that it gives birth 

 to only one young one wliicli even in the fetal state becomes light-coloured, and when newly born is of a bluish colour, 

 afterwards becoming gradually whiter, observations which have only lately been contirnied. 



J. G. Schneider's critical collection, from his own and older times, of accounts of the natural history of the 

 whale, is also important to the advance of Cetology in the last century. He relates the usual story about the pairing of 

 the Greenland whale, adding also Dudley's version, which has an appearance of greater probability. Pairing takes place 

 only every other year, and only one young one is linrn. A fietus is mentioned that was 17 inches long, and of a white 

 colour; the new-born animal is black and generally 20 ft. long. Pregnancy lasts from 9 to 10 months, and when the mother 

 gives suck to her young, she lies on her side in the water. He gives full accounts of the other whalebone AMiales that were 

 known in the last century, critically sifting their literature. He also gives a survey of the then known toothed whales, among 

 which the Oarhelot takes a conspicuous place. Minor anatomical remarks are added; and he gives a representation of the 

 common Porpoise, based upon personal observation. Schneider's work gives valuable information for ilie study of the cetological 

 literature of the 18th century. 



While John Hunter, in his fundamental work on the organisation and habits of whales, enlarged the knowledge 

 of these ocean-mammals, and brought a stronger light to bear upon them, it did not fall to his lot to make observations on 

 their embryos and developement. On the other hand, he treats fully of the anatomy of the organs of generation. 



In the beginning of the present century we tind, as an eminent cetologist, Lacépede, who describes and figures, 

 in his well-known "Histoire Naturelle des Cétacés", a number of Cetacean forms; we are, as is well known, indebted to him 

 for the separation of the genera Balæna and Balænoptera. He does not, however, state anything new about the breeding and 

 developement ot whales, though he describes in vivid colours and with the pen of a Buftbn, the habits of these animals. 



Sonni ni. a contemporary of Lacépede but not of the same importance, who continued Leclerc de Button's great 

 '"Histoire Naturelle'', describes the Cetacea, the ditt'erent species known at that time, their different anatomical relations, 

 especially of Balæna mysticetus, its habits, propagation, etc. He gives attractive descriptions in fine language from the 

 best sources of that period, tlmngli he also produces much that is false. A much greater interest in Cetology seems, however, 

 from this time to have been awakened in the i)rolific French zoologists, and has borne good fruit in the cetological literature 

 now to be mentioned. 



The accounts of the Caaing-whale, and its capture in particular, given by J. Landt (2-i) and H. Chr. 

 Lyngbye (26, pp. 204 — 232i are of subordinate interest. Lyngbye mentions that young ones are often found in the 

 Caaing-whale when cut up: but they ditt'er very considerably in size, large embryos having been found at all times of the 

 year, from which he infers that the Caaing-whale breeds at any season of the year. It gives birth to only one young one. 



A cetological writer of some mark, William Scores by, describes, both in his "Account of the Arctic Regions'' 

 and his ".Tonrn;d of a Voyage to the Northern Whale-fishery," etc., the appearance and habits of several Arctic Whales, 

 and among others gives a full description of the Greenland Whale, with which, from abundant experience, he was best 

 acquainted. '"The pairing," he says "has often been observed in the latter end of the summer, and the young one is supposed 

 to be born in February or March." It is added that at the end of April 1811 a young one with umbilical cord was captured. 

 '"The young one at the time of parturition is said to be at least 10, if not 14 feet in length. It goes under the protection 

 of its mother for probably a year or more, or until by the evolution of the whalebone, it is enabled to procure its own 

 nourisiiment.'' He also gives an excellent drawing and description of the Narwhal, and describes several Bahenopterida^. 

 (Tlobicephahis and Beluga. Scoresby's work has still a great interest for Cetology, notwithstanding that he was the originator 

 of the well-known mistake about the Nordcaper, a mistake which was long maintained under G. Cuvier's authority. 



Lesson, whose name is renowned in Cetology, describes in his '"Histoire Naturelle des Cétaces" both the herbivorous 



