NOTICES REI.ATING TO AGRICUIvTURAIv ECONOMY 

 IN GENERAIv IN VARIOUS COUNTRIES. 



ITAI,Y. 



AVANZI (Dr. E.) ; Influenza che il protezionismo ha spiegato sul progresso agrario in Italia 

 (The Influence Exercised by Protection on Agriculture in Italy) ^ Enrico vSpoerri, Pisa, 191 7. 



In this laudable study the author, after protesting that he does not 

 pretend to have solved so complex a problem, affirms that the influence 

 exercised by protection can be circumscribed by sufficiently well deter- 

 mined limits. From the data he has collected and the observations he has 

 made it seems to him particularly difficult to protect agriculture and en- 

 courage Italian agricultural progress by imposing protective duties. In 

 practice " while the direct influence of agricultural protection is subject 

 to a large number of circumstances which tend to diminish its efficacy, 

 its indirect influence, which is as a rule injurious, tends to increase more 

 and more as it persists ". At present agricultural progress is taking place 

 largely outside the circle of protected agriculture : thus many admirable 

 examples are to be found of the intensive culture of flowers, greens, fruit- 

 bearing plants, etc. ; and in the case of these protection is simply an in- 

 direct obstacle to commercial expansion. Crops of this kind afford examples 

 of progress and of retrogressioii, whether or not they are protected. The 

 direct influence of protection affects almost exclusively winter grain crops 

 and rice ; other crops — especially vines, olives and oranges and lemons 

 — need a commercial policy of expansion. Dr. Avanzi reaches the conclu- 

 sion that the protection granted to Italian agricultural products might be 

 gradually reduced. 



UNITED STATP;S. 



STEWART (C.I,.): I,AND TENURE IN THE UNITED STATES WITH SPEClAIy 

 REFERENCE TO II,I,INOIS {Univ. Illinois Studies Soc. Sci., 5 (1916), No. 3, pp. 135, 

 figs. 22). 



The author discusses in general the situation regarding land tenure 

 in the United States as a whole, and conditions in Illinois in detail. 

 Among his conclusions are the following : 



" It appears that the forms of tenure have been phases accompanying, 

 limited by, and modifying the conditions and changes in the agricultural 

 economy of the State. The prevalence, sectional character, and growth of 



