28 SERVIA - CO-OPERATION AND ASSOCIATION 



Strohal (Dr. Ivan) : O uzrociina pojava zadruga (Causes of the Institution of the Zadruga), 



Bullet, mens, de la soc. juridique. Agram. 1903. 

 RADOSSAVI.JEVIC (Mat): Evolucija srpske zadrugt (Evolution of the Servian Zadru- a). Belgrade- 

 Peric : Zadruzro pravo spr^kog Gradjtw zakona (The Law en the Zadru a in the Civil Code 



of Scrvia). Belgrade, 191 2. 

 Markovic (M ):Dic S rbische Hauskommunion (Zadruga) und ihre Bedeutunginder Vergan- 



genheit u. Gfgrrvart. [The Servian Household Community (Za-Ara^) and its Signification 



in th3 Past and the Present). lyeipzg, 1903. 

 Pmsker (I.) : Forschungen zur Soz al und WirtFchaftfgcschichte der Slaven (Researches in 



connection with the Social and Economic History of the Slaves). Die Serbische zadru a. Berlin 



1900 (Sond. - Abdruck aus der Zeitschr. fiii Social-und Wirtschaftsgeschichte, 



VII, 211-326). 

 BoPTCHEPF: Bfgarska Tchcliadna Zadruga (The Bulgarian Zadrura). Sofia,rvihUca.twn of the 



Bulgarian Royal Acadcniy. 1910. 



§ I. The economic idea of the zadruga. 



The Zadruga, the origin of which in Servia may be traced back far 

 beyond the Middle Ages, is a permanent agricultural association among 

 relations possessing property in common and living and working together. 

 In this way the association, by avoiding the subdivision of the soil, succeeds in 

 uniting the advantages of both large and small holdings. 



By means of community of property, life and work, each association 

 succeeds in producing more cheaply and rendering the work of its members 

 more productive, as a system of division of labour and of time is thus 

 possible. lyife in common again diminishes the cost of maintenance for 

 every body. There is only one family^ and only one household. In its turn, this 

 reduced expenditure for maintenance afiects the cost of production and 

 reduces it. 



§ 2. The specific characteristics^'of the zadruga. 



The Zadruga presents four specific characteristics : 

 ist. Community of life ; 

 2nd. Relationship of members; 

 3rd. Community of goods ; 

 4th. Community of Work. 

 L/Ct us consider these characteristics in turn : 



(a) The Relationship of Members. — AU the members of a Zadruga 

 are relations and there can never be a member who is not related to the others. 

 Custom allows the admission of strangers into a Zadruga only in two cases: 

 in that of adoption and in that of marriage with a woman inheriting rights 

 in the Zadruga. The person adopted enjoys the same rights as the person 

 adopting him. The consent of the other members is necessary, because the 



