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THE INDIA RUBBER WORLD 



[December i, 1901. 



companies in principal parts of the United States and Canaaa. 

 As far as these specifications go, they are practically the same 

 as those exacted by the Associated Factory Mutual Insurance 

 Association, whose demands for linen hose are that it shall 

 stand 400 pounds pressure, and that during the first five min- 

 utes of the second wetting it shall not leak to exceed 16-7/10 

 gallons per 100 feet; and during the second five minutes one 

 gallon per 100 feet, while under 400 pounds pressure. 



The specifications referred to on the preceding page are as 

 follows : 



COTTON RUBBER LINED HOSE. 



I. Each piece of hose to have a distinct and conspicuous trade mark, 

 consisting of colored warp threads woven into the fabric. Manufac 

 turer's name and trade name of the hose and year of manufacture to be 

 stencilled at least twice on each length of hose, in black indelible letters 

 I inch high. 



II. Cotton fabric may be woven or knit, even and firm in texture, of 

 best quality selected long staple yarns, free from defects except such as 

 are incident to the best manufacture. Filling threads must be covered 

 thoroughly by the warp in woven hose, and in knit fabric both warp and 

 filling must be covered by the knitted loop. Fabric to be guaranteed 

 antiseptically treated, and not to mildew under proper treatment. 

 Weight of 100 feet of 2| fabric not to be less than 33 nor more than 40 

 pounds. 



III. Rubber lining to be of the best quality and contain not less than 

 40 per cent, of pure Para rubber, and must not contain rubber substi- 

 tutes, old vulcanized or reclaimed rubber, or any injurious adulterants, 

 and must be uniform in thickness and quality. It must be thoroughly 

 cemented to the fabric with the best cement. Tube to be lap jointed 

 and made up of not less than 3 calendered sheets, in order that if defects 

 occur in any ply they may be remedied by the other two ; exclusive of 

 cement, must not be less than .049 inch, and with cement, not less than 

 .072 inch in thickness. 



IV. Internal diameter not to be less than af inches. 



V. Diameter through couplings to be 2 S inches ; couplings to be of 

 the expansion ring pattern, with long tail part, made of an alloy of cop- 

 per, tin, and zinc (and lead, if desired) — no! less than 82 per cent, cop- 

 per or 7 per cent, tin, and not more than 7 per cent, zinc or 3 per 

 cent, lead; must weigh not less than 5 pounds and be stamped with 

 manufacturer's name and year of manufacture. 



VI. Weight of finished hose without couplings to be not less than 34 

 pounds, or with couplings 39 pounds, per 50 feet length. 



VII. Samples 3 feet long, when lying straight or when curved to a 

 radius of not more than 2% feet, must show average bursting pres- 

 sure of 500 pounds, though individual samples withstanding 450 pounds 

 may be accepted. Section 3 feet long, with the ends tied together and 

 couplings touching, must show average bursting pressure of 300 pounds 

 at sharp kink in the middle, though 250 pounds may be accepted in in- 

 dividual samples. 



VIII. Elongation between 10 and 100 pounds should not exceed 

 ^ of the original length, and between 10 and 300 pounds, J^ of the 

 original length. 



IX. Any undue amount of twist is looked upon as showing inferior- 

 ity in weaving. Hose should show but little tendency to twist at roo 

 pounds, and up to 300 pounds the twist should not exceed 15 degrees 

 per foot. 



X. Increase of diameter, between yj,, and yjj inches from 10 to 100 

 pounds is within reasonable limits. 



UNLINED LINEN FIRE HOSE. 



I. Each length to be marked with warped threads, as in the case of 

 cotton rubber lined hose. 



II. Name of manufacturer, etc., to be stenciled every 15 feet, in let 

 ters 1% inches high. 



III. Each web of hose to be numbered serially as it comes from the 

 loom, and its number to be stenciled on each 50 foot section. Each 

 manufacturer to maintain an apparatus for testing hose, and to test a 

 sample at least 3 feet long, taken from each web as it comes from the 

 loom. 



IV. The maker to guarantee: (i) That hose on delivery shall not 

 burst at a water pressure less than 400 pounds per square inch ; hose to 

 be wet under pressure at from 10 to 20 minutes before bursting ; hose 

 to be tested the same as cotton rubber lined hose. (2) That after hav- 

 ing been wet under a pump or hydrant pressure of 75 pounds and 

 thoroughly dried, that then, on being subjected a second time to a water 

 pressure of 75 pounds, the total leakage during the first minute shall not 

 exceed \ gallon per foot in length, and that upon this second trial, after 

 the hose has been wet for 5 minutes, the total leakage during the next 5 

 minutes shall not exceed .01 gallon per foot in length ; the water pres- 

 sure meanwhile being 75 pounds per square inch. 



V. The maker to guarantee that the yarn from which the hose is 

 woven has been procured from a responsible manufacturer, whose name 

 is given under a written guaranty that it was spun from first quality 

 linen, and that it has been cleansed by boiling in soda ash solution of a 

 strength obtained by using a weight of soda equal to at least /„ of the 

 weight of the yarn, for at least 3 hours ; then properly washed in clean 

 water, and then boiled again, in a similar alkaline solution, for 2 hours 

 more. 



MANGABA OR MANGABEIRA RUBBER. 



THE mangaba or mangabeira gum is a natural product 

 which contains some of the qualities of elasticity of 

 India-rubber, though looking quite different, on account of 

 being a product which has not undergone the smoking process. 

 Up till now it is prepared through the action of heat alone. 

 The milk is heated in a clay vessel which is afterwards broken 

 in order to take the stuff out. This gives a heavy loss. Per- 

 haps, combining the action of the heat with that of a small 

 amount of certain chemicals, it might be possible to get better 

 results. Either on account of its appearance, or because it is 

 little known, there is scarcely any demand for the mangaba. 

 Yet It is cheap ; it can begot in some places along theTocantins 

 and Araguaya rivers at something like 10 cents a pound. 

 Therefore, even if it cannot answer all the purposes of Pard 

 rubber, there might be reasons for investigating its use either 

 alone or in combination with other matters. Though it is little 

 known and little used, we think this product has some future. 



On the Para side of the Tocantins and Araguaya rivers, be- 

 tween the Itacayuna and the Tapirepe, there is in the campos 

 (land covered with lower vegetation) ashrub, the " mangabeira," 

 which gives a milk more or less similar to that of the Pard 

 rubber tree, but which does not coagulate so easily and not 

 at all through the smoking process. The mangabeira is never 

 to be found in the forest ; it is only in the campos, where the 

 vegetation is not high. It is about 7 or 8 inches in diameter; 

 the average height is 16 feet ; it is not very resistant and 

 perishes quickly when overworked. It gives quite enough 

 milk, yet as the stuff has at present no great commercial value, 

 this advantage disappears. 



Along the Rio do Somno, which is one of the places of pro- 

 duction, 33 pounds are sold at less than 20 milreis [=:equal 

 $4.40, gold, with exchange at \id. per milreis] and in the 

 town of Para itself the value is seldom double. As the milk is 

 abundant, the production is equally so. A man gets easily u 

 pounds per day, but as the price is low, this industry is not so 

 advantageous for the working man. Something like 5 milreis 

 per day is not very much in such a place where a man has to 

 provide his own food. Yet in spite of that, in spite of the 

 great distance to the nearest market towns, and in spite of the 

 uncertainty of the sale, there are already some working people 

 coming from the state of Maranhao and from Bahia. The 

 total production is less than 22,000 pounds (in weight). 



EUGENE ACKERMANN, 

 Par5, Brazil, October 23, igoi. Engineer. 



