INJURIOUS INSECTS : GENERAL IO5I 



(b) variations in the date of emergence of larvae (iith May in the Pa-vlo- 

 grad district, the smallest larvae were observable and also these ready to 

 accomplish the next phase of development); {c) larva passing into the open 

 in spite of heat ; the death of the insect observed to be dne to parasitic liy- 

 menoptera and an unknown cause ; the same worker observed a fresh kind 

 of damage caused by the insect : on examining the field attacked one is struck 

 by the completely dried and whitened ears, the grain has not formed, 

 at the upper internode the stalk of the ear is destroyed, on the leaf sheaths 

 the inlet and exit holes of the insect are found ; at Kharkov it injured spring 

 wheats, barley and oats, up to go % of the crop; damage was also observed 

 in the Crimea ; in the Don region the insect injured 2725 acres, 750 acres 

 being completely destro3^ed ; (10) Euxua {Agrotis) tritici L-, at Astrakhan 

 injured spring cereals ; (11) Euxoa {Agrotis) segetum Schiff. observed at 

 Viatka, Perm, Ufa, Vitebsk, Smolensk, Kazan, Tambov, Simbirsk, Tula. 

 Riazan. Kaluga, Orel, Kharkov, Kiev ; damage found on some farms of 

 \'oronej and Poltava, and in Podolia serious damage at Ekaterinoslav, 

 vSamara and Saratov ; the insect observed at Astrakhan and in Bessarabia ; 

 (12) Feltia [Agrotis) exclamationis Schiff. noted at Riazan; (13) E. segetum and 

 E. exclamationis are two competing species as regards time of flight, and one 

 preys on the other ; at Tula the number of E. exclamationis almost exceeded 

 that of E. segetum ; (14) Episilia {Agrotis) simulans Hufn. noted at Kiev 

 on rye and on beet leaves ; the larvae destroy the stalk almost level with 

 the ground, the plant then falls and is completely devoured. 



III) Hymexoptera. — (i) Cephus pigmaeus L. : a small number ob- 

 served at Ria.ran ; also noted at Orel, Ekaterinoslav, in considerable quanti- 

 ties ; at Kherson it occurred everv^where in the same amount as in previous 

 years ; elso noted at Stavropol ; (2) Athalia spinorum Fabr. at Kiev, accord 

 ing to the observations of V. M. Kostinskij, oviposited on the edge of hemp 

 leaves ; at Kharkov, Kherson and Astrakhan it damaged hemp ard turnips ; 

 (3) Bruchofagus gibhus Boh., at Orel., caused much damage to seed clover. 



IV) DiPTERA. — (i) Hylemyia {Leptohylemvia) coarctata Fall., at Orel, 

 occasioned less injury than in IQ13 ; at Kiev the damage to the sowings of 



• spring wheat was 10 % ; the rye sowings suffered 12.5 to 15 %; (2) Agromyza 

 florum Fabr. noted among injurious insects at Kiev ; {3) Oscinella frit L,., 

 observed at Ufa, Orenburg, Smolensk, Moscom' and in Livonia ; at Orel, 

 it wrought much havoc to spring grain crop sowings ; the early sowings 

 (25th Jul}^) of rye and barley suffered more than the late (17th August) ; 

 traces of damage were found at Riazan ; at the agricultural experimental 

 Station of Chatilov (province of Tula) Stcherbakov observed injury occa- 

 sioned by this dipteron to maize, the damage being of the typical character 

 of that occasioned to grain crops ; the maize plant was not destroyed, it 

 had a very strong stalk and in this way proved its capacity to produce a 

 good cob; at Kiev, the insect caused injury to spring cereals; in some local- 

 ities, in April, the injury wa 44 ''o of ^he sowings ; this dipteron did da- 

 mage at Ekaterinoslav ; inconsiderable injury was observed at Kherson 

 to oats and barley, and on some farms in Podolia ; (4) Chlorops tacniopiis 

 Meig. was noted at Riazan and Orel ; it seems to be widespread at Ekater- 



