RURAL HYGIENE I577 



contributed by the local government and half by the central govern- 

 ment. Swiss wines are protected by an import duty on all foreign wines. 



VI. — Forests in the canton of Vaud are classified as follows : 



Public and private forests. — Under the heading of private forests 

 would also be included land owned by an association of small holders. 



Protective and non-protective-forests. — Protective forests are those 

 situated in the collecting areas of torrents or those which by their position 

 exert a protective influence against storms, avalanches, rock-slides, land- 

 slips and erosions or w-hich tend to regulate the flow of water from a moun- 

 tain side. 



Mountain forests and lowland forests. — The distinction between 

 these two classes is merely an arbitrary- division made locally by the com- 

 munes at an altitude of 2500 to 3000 ft., and is not recognised in federa- 

 edicts. 



In every- kind of forest whenever felling is in progress the replanting 

 of a surface equal in area to the surface felled is made compulsory both 

 by the federal and canton law. All trees to be felled must be previously 

 marked and no clear felling is allowed without special permission from the 

 local au^thorities. In the case of protective forests the Federal Govern- 

 ment only can give leave for cutting and all operations must be carried out 

 under the supervision of the local officer. 



VII. — Various attempts dating as far back as the sixteenth and eight- 

 eenth centuries have been made to extend the area of orchards in the 

 high parts of the canton of Vaud. In 1890 the Agricultural Institute at 

 Lavisanne imported a number of hardy varieties of plums, apples, pears 

 and cherries from Russia, Sweden and Denmark, and nurseries were 

 established at high altitudes (2500 to 4000 ft.) for their propagation. The 

 following year a few small trial orchards were planted on Mount Jorat 

 overlooking Lake Lehman at about 3000 ft. and when these were well 

 started general planting was encouraged by means of practical demon- 

 strations, lectures and by the free distribution of the new varieties. 

 The most successful kinds are given below : 



Apples Pears Plums 



Red Astrakan, Borowinka A variety imported Rothdamasiner. 



White Astrakan Antonovka under the name of 



Biali NaUv Papierovka Vineuse Saxonna 



Titovka or Tulska proved to be beurre 



de Montecat. 



There are now flourishing orchards of Titovka, Antonovka and Pa- 

 pierovka at about 4000 ft. high. 



1 159 - The Oxygen Consuming Powers of Natural Waters. — heise g. w., and aguilar fural 



R. H., in The Philippine Journal of Science, Vol. XI, Sec. A., No. I, pp. 37-47. Manilla, hygiene 



January 191 6. 



The oxygen consuming capacity of water as measured by its ability 

 to reduce potassium permanganate is a sensitive means of detecting fluc- 

 tuations in quality in a water supply, and gives comparable results when 



