October 1, 1920.] 



THE INDIA RUBBER WORLD 



17 



with samples of many lead products for paint, rubber and other 

 manufacturing uses. 



The Hunter Dry Kiln Co. exhibited a model of their hu- 

 midity dryer for crude rubber and other material, and a varied 

 line of samples of products dried by their process. 



Innis, Speiden & Co. showed samples of industrial chemicals, 

 colors which the company manufacture, also samples of a variety 

 of waxes some of which find use in rubber manufacturing 



A. Klipstein & Co. exhibited a variety of chemicals, colors, 

 dyestuffs, gums, waxes, oils, etc., of which they are dealers. 

 Their classified catalog of these ^oods shows an extended list 

 of compounding ingredients adapted for the rubber trade. 



The Morse Chain Co. had on view samples of their silent 

 driving chains, which operate at uniform speed and run quietly 

 without jar or slip. 



National Aniline & Chemical Co. This exhibit was devoted 

 to showing an extensive line of dyes and intermediates manufac- 

 tured by the company, displayed to advantage in a stage setting 

 of life-like figures costumed in up-to-date fashions. 



The New Jersey Zinc Co. featured the route of manufacture 

 of their various zinc products from the ore. These products 

 were all displayed, including zinc oxide, liihopone, albolith, a 

 new light-resisting pigment, besides many manufactured forms 

 of metallic zinc. 



Salmon Falls Manufactiiring Co. Fabric for automobile 

 tire building was shown, impregnated with the sulphur-terpene 

 product known as Toron, which not only increases the tensile 

 strength of the treated fabric but increases the adhesion of rubber 

 to both fabric and rubber, besides producing other important 

 effects. A line of automobiles tires and solid tires was shown 

 in demonstration of these claims. 



Schaeffer & Budenberg Manufacturing Co., manufacturer of 

 recording thermometers and gages, exhibited a new type of ther- 

 mometer and a new watchman's recording attachment- applied to 

 their recording gage. 



Henry L. Scott & Co. Two testing machines were shown, one 

 electrical, for fabrics, with recording chart device, and one hand- 

 power for paper testing. 



C. J. Tacli.\bue Manuf-vcturing Co., maker of ihermomoters, 

 gages and control apparatus for many manufacturing purposes, 

 featured the Witham system of automatic temperature control. 



Taylor Instrument Co.'s interesting feature of the exhibit 

 was that showing the development of indicating, recording and 

 regulating instruments. 



Westinchouse Electric & Manufacturing Co. One feature 

 of the display was the arc furnace regulating and control panels. 

 The electric furnace has been an important factor in the suc- 

 cessful expansion of the chemical and metallurgical industries, 

 and the Westinghouse company has been closely identified with 

 the development of electric furnaces since their inception. 



Whitall Tatum Co. A very complete line of its "Nonsol" 

 chemical glassware constituted the larger part of this company's 

 display. It was supplemented by an exhibit of rubber corks and 

 tubing for chemical purposes, made by the company. 



CRIMSON ANTIMONY' 



Crimson antimony has been the most generally satisfac- 

 torj- red pigment used in coloring rubber compounds. It has 

 good coloring power, is fairly stable, especially in press cures. In 

 open cures, however, everyone using this pigment has expe- 

 rienced difficulties, on account of its tendency to change from 

 the unstable oxysulphide to the stable black sulphide. This 

 reaction takes place at times only to a slight extent, but suffi- 

 ciently to ruin the value of crimson antimony as a coloring in- 

 gredient, and it is most pronounced on the surface of the rubber 



'By John M. P.ierer. Toston Woven Ho«e & Rubber Co., Cambridge, 

 Massachusetts. 



compound where it comes in direct contact with the live steam. 

 Such a variety of possibilities may cause this change, that 

 many explanations are possible. If crimson antimony is not 

 manufaciurcd under proper conditions, it will not cure satis- 

 factorily in open steam, and so far as known there is no 

 chemical test that will detect the difficulty except trial. The 

 presence of too great a quantity of alkaline substances in a 

 compound will always cause trouble ; sulphurous acid when 

 present to the extent of 0.2 of one per cent will cause trouble 

 and is positive proof that the crimson antimony has not been 

 properly made. Any crimson antimony will darken if vul- 

 canized in open steam at an excessive temperature. A tem- 

 perature corresponding to SO pounds is the limit. 



DEVELOPIN& NEW HAITUFACTURING METHODS 



Prior to 1914, no satisfactory crimson antimony was made 

 in this country and at least 10 per cent of that imported was 

 not satisfactory for open steam cures. .\t the outbreak of the 

 war, we realized that it was necessary to find a substitute for 

 crimson antimony, or manufacture it ourselves. The manu- 

 facture of crimson antimony, as outlined in the literature, led 

 us to believe that it was easier to manufacture this pigment 

 than to find a substitute. We started to develop a method of 

 manufacturing this pigment by these methods, but soon learned 

 that while the methods outlined in the literature might be satis- 

 factory foe manufacturing crimson antimony for calico print- 

 ing, they were far from giving a product that would vulcanize 

 in open steam, even under ten pounds, steam pressure. We had 

 little success in finding a substitute, so we continued our efforts 

 to manufacture a satisfactory product. 



The manufacture of crimson antimony, like that of many other 

 chemical substances, can frequently be carried out in labora- 

 tory batches and give satisfaction, but when the same method 

 is tried on a commercial scale it will not be successful. We 

 have developed processes which on a small scale apparently 

 were satisfactory, but on trial in large batches they would in- 

 variably darken, the cause of this darkening not always being 

 apparent. We began by trjHng to obtain antimony trichloride 

 by treating the metal, oxide, and sulphide of antimony with 

 hydrochloric acid. But we were unable to obtain uniformly 

 good results. We eventually discovered that we were not ob- 

 taining pure antimony trichloride and that unless this is done 

 a satisfactory crimson antimony cannot be obtained. 



If antimony trichloride made by the above methods be dis- 

 tilled, it will invariably be found that water and hydrochloric 

 acid will come from the still, then, antimony trichloride, but 

 before distillation is complete, the material in the flask will 

 change in appearance and the distillation will leave a large 

 amount of antimony tri-oxide. This antimony oxide, when 

 boiled with sodium thiosulphate, does not change to oxysul- 

 phide, but to antimony trisulphide. 



We tried making antimony trichloride by treating antimony 

 metal with sulphur chloride, the action taking place in an Iron 

 retort, and then distilling the antimony trichloride. This gave 

 antimony trichloride, from which we are able to make satis- 

 factory crimson antimony, but the reaction was so violent 

 that it was difficult to control. The retort was short-lived, and 

 we were at a loss to find one which would, for any great time, 

 withstand the action of antimony trichloride, at the tempera- 

 ture at which this reaction takes place. 



Graphite retorts were quite satisfactory for a few distilla- 

 tions, but the walls of the retort soon absorbed so much anti- 

 mony trichloride that they would invariably break when the 

 third or fourth distillations were attempted. Stoneware retorts 

 would probably have been quite satisfactory, but we changed 

 our method before making a trial. 



We next made antimony trichloride by passing chlorine over 

 metallic antimony in a water-cooled receptacle from which the 



