September 1, 1921 



THE INDIA RUBBER WORLD 



883 



tires of the clincher type to be used up to 200 millimeters section 

 diameter. See Specifications and Sizes. 



Alarms. Various attachments on inner tube valves for in- 

 dicating automatically by whistling, bell striking, cap explosion, 

 clicking, bumping, or concussion, dellation of a tube below a 

 predetermined minimum of pressure. 



Ali.ne.mext. I'aralleMng of motor-car wheels to avoid uneven 

 wear of tires. 



All Rubber Patch Stock. A strong, cured stock used in re- 

 pair, having a layer of uncured gum. See Patches. 



All Warp Tire Fabric. A material for a tire carcass in- 

 vented by John Fullerton Palmer, an American, and brought out 

 in 1893 in the United States and Great Britain. It consists 

 wholly of warp (lengthwise) threads with no weft (crosswise) 

 threads, calendered on sheet rubber, then cut into strips wound 

 spirally on a mandrel, and overlaid with similar strips in reverse 

 direction. 



Anti-Rust Strip. A British term for a circular flap of rough 

 rubber sheet fitted to the bed of an inner tube used with a 

 clincher type tire, and designed to protect the tube from a rusty 

 rim. 



Armor. A modified form of chain protection for a casing em- 

 ploying, in one type, numerous bands 2 inches wide, of flat steel 

 links J^-inch thick hooked together, and which may be hooked 

 to a rim or put on like a tire. Often used like a boot, in one or 

 more bands, to protect a casing damaged by a blow-out or rim 

 cut. 



Armored Tire. A so-called puncture proof tire having 

 leather or rubber treads in which wire, chain, metal bands or 

 disks are embedded, or to which they are attached, to reinforce 

 the casing. See Treads. 



Associ.\TioN Guaranty. A standard form of guaranty, 

 adopted in 1896 by the Rubber Tire Association, comprising lead- 

 ing bicycle tire manufacturers in the United States, to correct 

 many troubles caused by vague and difficult guaranties and the 

 demands on manufacturers for replacements. Revised, and re- 

 strictions added, in 1898. 



AuTO Tread Stock. A reclaimer's term for a carcass com- 

 prising tread and three or four outer plies. 



Auto.mobile Tire. A pneumatic, solid, cushion or spring tire 

 used upon self-propelled passenger vehicles. See Specifications 

 and Sizes. 



Axle I-oad. The weight of an automobile and its contents 

 upborne by the axles as set in the wheel hubs; a factor determin- 

 ing — with the tire size — the proper pressure to be carried in a 

 tire, the load-weight being calculated by weighing the front and 

 rear of the leveled, fully loaded car separately and dividing by 

 two, reference to the inflation scale then giving the correct air 

 pressure. See Load. 



Baby Cab Pneumatic. An inflatable single-tube tire for per- 

 ambulators, and somewhat smaller than a bicycle tire. 



Bailey Tread. The first practical rubber non-skid tread us- 

 ing small rubber studs or buttons. Named after the inventor. 



Balance. A manufacturer's term referring to a harmonious 

 combination of quality of material, quantity proportion, work- 

 manship, and vulcanization, with a perfect working together of 

 carcass, tread and bead. 



Balloon Tire. A slighting term applied in the early nineties 

 to pneumatic bicycle tires which, unlike the solids, had to be 

 blown up like a balloon. 



Bandage Wrapping. An operation whereby a strip of cloth 

 is dampened and wound spirally about a built-up tire and its 

 core^-usually in three layers — before the tire is put in the vul- 

 canizer. See Single Cure. 



Bandage Wrapping Fabric. A light-woven cotton sheetinp 

 used for winding around built-up casings or inner tul)es in the 

 open-cure process. 



Bareback. A fabric frictioned on one side only and used in 

 repair work. 



B.\rtlett Tire. The original c'incher tire patented in Great 

 Britain in 1889 by William Erskine Bartlett. See Clincher.' 



Basic M.^terials. Fundamentals used in tire manufacture, 

 india rubber, cotton, compounding ingredients, and solvents. Sec 

 India rubber, Cotton, Ingredients, Solvents. 



Bead. The thickened, stiflfened edges of a tire casing by which 

 it is fastened to a wheel rim, made usually with semi-hard rub- 

 ber cores for clincher tires, or with rubber-embedded steel piano 

 wire, or braided spring steel ribbon for quick detachable and 

 straight side tires. The parts of a bead are : core, cover, toe 

 and heel. 



The varieties of beads suitable for dififerent patterns of rims 

 include : clincher, in which the extensible inner edges of the 

 casing are made to spring over and hook under the incurved 

 edges of the rim by means of a shoulder on the outer side of the 

 casing edge, the bead core being usually of semi-hard rubber; 

 straight-side, in which the outer edges of the beads are flattened 

 and at right angles to the base of the bead, in which strands of 

 wire or braided wire embedded in rubber form an inextensible 

 core, the casing being adapted to quick detachable and quick 

 demountable rims on which a removable outer flange allows 

 ready removal or application of a casing: combination bead, a 

 straight-side bead with a quick detachable filler shoulder of hard 

 rubber attached to make a straight-side tire adaptable to a 

 clincher rim. 



Bead Cover. A light, frictioned fabric lapped over a bead 

 from toe to side wall. See Chafing Strip. 



Bead F.^bric. See Chafing Strip. 



Bead Heel. The outside edge of the bead. See Bead. 



Bead-Lock Inner Tire. An interliner consisting of four or 

 five plies of frictioned fabric molded to fit over the inner tube 

 with one ply of the fabric forming flaps at either side to fit 

 over the beads and be locked between the tire beads and the 

 wheel rims. See Reliner. 



' Bead Section. Insertion of new section where a bead has been 

 broken. A repair term. 



Bead Tie-in. An operation in tire construction, in which, 

 after the several plies of fabric have been stretched on the core, 

 all plies — in clincher casings — are trimmed at the toe of the bead. 

 In wire-bead casings the plies are alternately folded across the 

 base of the bead and trimmed. A cover of rubber about 1/16- 

 inch thick and of compound similar to that used on the fabric 

 is then applied over all. 



Bead Toe. The point of the bead nearest the tube. See Bead. 



Beaded-Edge Rim. A British term for a clinclicr type rim. 

 See Rims. 



Beaded-Edge Tyre. A British tprm for a casing of the 

 clincher type. See Clincher. 



Beading. The application of a bead strip to the base of a tire 

 carcass and the overlapping of it with gum or fabric, or the 

 removal of tire beads— a reclaimer's term. 



Beadless Tires. Discarded tires lacking beads but not 

 stripped. A reclaimer's term. 



Beads, Semi-Hard. Term applied to a special rubber com- 

 pound forming the bead core of many of the smaller automobile 

 tires and most motorcycle tires of the clincher type. The cores 

 afford enough stretch to permit the finished tires to be easily 

 pulled oflf a one-piece vulcanizing core mold as well as to be 

 readily sprung on a clincher rim. 



Bias Fabric. A square-woven frictioned fabric cut into bias 

 strips. A rubber manufacturer's term. 



Bias-Woven Fabric. A non-raveling fabric, the warp threads 

 of which, in weaving, remain in the usual len,gthwise position, 

 but the fillers or weft threads of which are inclined at an angle 

 of 45 degrees, more or less, to the warp threads. 



Bicycle Rims. Wood or metal wheel bands of a bicycle. See 

 Rims. 



Bicycle Tire. A rubber and fabric pneumatic tire, of single- 



