884 



THE INDIA RUBBER WORLD 



Sei'tembek 1, 1921 



tube or double-tube construction. Used on bicycles and light 

 vehicles. See Specifications and Sizes. 



Bicvcu; Tire Cement. Rim cements for attaching single 

 tube tires to wheel rims. They are of two varieties, quick drying 

 rubber solutions, and an easily melted gutta pcrcha compound. 



Bicycle Tire Fabric. A square-woven cotton duck, ordinarily 

 of 8 and lOj^-ounce material. For bicycle cord tires, 15-ounce 

 cord fabric similar to that fur cord tires is employed, using 

 two plies in building. 



Bici'CLE Tire Sizes. See Sizes. 



Binder Strip. A term sometimes applied to the rubber cushion 

 under the tread. See Cushion. 



Blemished Tires. Factory-inspected tires in which defects 

 appear, often sold as seconds, or first and second blemished; 

 a euphemism for N. F. C. tires. See N. F. C. 



Blister. First : a puffing in or under a tread, due to im- 

 prisoned air, sand, etc.. caused by neglected tread cuts. Second: 

 a curing defect due to a "bunching" in part of the fabric layer. 

 Third : the result of the expansion under heat of air, moisture 

 or gas imprisoned between plies or pocketed in the tire compound. 



Blocking Out. The cutting or stepping of plies of fabric in 

 rectangular sections preparatory to building-in repair sections. 



Bloom. The efflorescence, or the working to the surface, of 

 uncombined or excess sulphur on tires, tubes or accessories. 



Blow Holes. Perforations resulting from blisters between 

 fabric plies or beneath the tread. A repair term. 



Blowout. An explosion of the air-inflated inner tube through 

 fabric rupture of the casing. 



Blowout Be.^d. A bulging out of line of a bead, sometimes 

 occurring in curing repairs by live steam. 



Blowout Boot. See Boot. 



Blowout Ch.\in. A device for emergency repair of a rim- 

 cut or blown-out tire, consisting of several loops of chain across 

 the casing, fastened at either side in a plate which hooks on the 

 rim. Used to protect a damaged casing and supplement a canvas 

 inner patch. 



Blowout Patch. Sections of rubberized fabric reaching from 

 bead to bead, placed inside of a punctured or torn casing. 



Boi.ted-on Tire. A method of fastening the tire to a specially 

 constructed rim by means of locking-rims fitted over the bead 

 and retained by bolts. See Rims. 



Boot. A short section of fabric plies with extra rubber for a 

 tread, and laced, strapped or hooked over a damaged casing and 

 about the rim for temporary repair. Occasionally made of raw- 

 hide or leather and steel-studded. 



Boothroyd Tire. The original single-tube tire, the invention 

 of which is credited to A. Boothroyd, of England, who failed to 

 patent it, and which under other names became for many years 

 the standard type for bicycles in the United States. 



Braided Fabric. Tire-building fabric braided upon a series of 

 annular cores of the size and shape of the tire casing. 



Brake-Skidding. An uneven wearing down of a tire tread 

 due to an abrupt checking of speed and consequent road scrap- 

 ing or to unequal adjustment of brakes. 



Brand. An identification mark placed on their products by 

 tire, tube and accessory manufacturers. The brand on tires may 

 include : the degree of inflation required, indicated by pounds 

 of air pressure for the size and character of the tire; the manu- 

 facturer's name, trade name and size of the tire, the size being 

 given in inches and usually also in millimeters ; the date of 

 manufacture, generally in code ; the serial number, all such mark- 

 ings being molded in relief on the side-wall — and to which may 

 be added the name of the tread pattern, often impressed by n 

 mold on the tread. 



The brand on tubes includes : the maker's name ; trade name 

 of tube, and the size in inches, and often in millimeters, printed 

 on the tube : the size and serial number molded in the tube, and 

 to which may be added a seal or stamp to indicate that the tube is 



ol the heavy or tourist type, the absence of which seal or stamp 

 implying that the tube is of the regular type. 



Breaker Fabric. See Breaker Strip. 



Breaker Strip. A band of coarsely woven, frictioned fabric 

 coated with a soft rubber compound adapted to adhere tenacious- 

 ly to the stiff tread and designed to break the force of the road 

 blows and so distribute them as to divert carcass break-down. 



Broken Backs. A term applied to casings which have their 

 fabric framework practically fractured, the break-down usually 

 resulting from rim pinching or running a tire flat. 



Broken Bead. Rupture of the solid rubber core or wire cable 

 and encasing fabric cover of a tire bead. 



Buffing. Roughening of a damaged part with a file, sand- 

 paper, emery-cloth or wire brush to obtain a clean, abraded sur- 

 face for the application of repair gum or cement. 



Buffings. A reclaimer's term applied to the rubber dust pro- 

 duced in the making of new and repair of old tires. 



Builder Fabric. (1) Usually a square-woven fabric used in 

 the construction of a tire carcass. (2) For motor tires general- 

 ly a long-staple cotton is used, also plied yarns, squarely woven 

 and usually weighing 17.25 ounces per square yard. (3) A square- 

 woven fabric usually made from 11 -ply yarns in both warp and 

 filling. 



Building Fabric. See Builder Fabric. 



Building Up. Overlaying rubberized fabric sections and gum 

 in repair work to conform to the original tire construction ; also 

 in repairing large pneumatic truck tire treads, the use of succes- 

 sive layers of tread .stock so as to form a semi-flat surface. 



Built-up Tread. A smooth tread made by superimposing 

 strips of tread gum upon one another in graduated widths so 

 that the middle of the tread is thicker than the edges. See Camel- 

 back. 



Butt-End Adjustable Flaps. Inner-tube protecting flaps or 

 interliners with ends cut flush and sides feather-edged to pre- 

 vent friction between tube and casing. Often cotton-covered to 

 prevent tube chafing. 



Butt-End Tube. An inner tube usually with sealed ends made 

 so as to lie within a casing, and butted or jointed together. In 

 one type one end is so rimmed that it will fit within a collar on 

 the other end, and inflation will give an air-tight lock. In an- 

 other, one end is cone-shaped, fitting into a cavity in the other 

 end, both ends being sealed. An advantage possessed by the 

 jointed inner tube is that it may be applied or removed from a 

 wheel without taking the latter off the frame. 



Cable Cord. Cord used in construction of cord tires, usually 

 made of long-staple cotton comprising four or six unit threads — 

 usually six — about the size of average sewing cotton. After being 

 rubber solutioned until about 40 per cent rubber in weight, they 

 are twisted into a unit cord with a tensile breaking strength of 

 230 pounds. Such unit cords, in groups of three, four, or six — 

 usually four — are again rubber-solutioned and twisted into a 

 cable cord. 



Cable Cord Tire. See Cord Tire. 



Calendered Stock. Unvulcanized dry mixed rubber in sheet 

 form, with or without fabric backing insertion, or friction, for 

 tire building or repair. 



Caliper Gages. Instruments using the caliper principle for 

 measuring external dimensions of tires to determine proper in- 

 flation. 



Camelback. a ready-made tread. A complete tread stock 

 formed in layers with the flattened center much thicker than the 

 sides — used to hasten retread work. 



Canvas. See Fabric. 



Canvas Tyres. A British term for fabric tires. 



Carcass. The body or foundation of the tire casing built of 

 rubberized fabric, cord fabric, or cords, and rubber. 



Cases. Another name for casings. See Casing. 



