September i. 192 i 



THE INDIA RUBBER WORLD 



885 



Casing. The external covering or shoe of a double tube tire, 

 and excluding the inner tube. 



C.MERPiLL.XR Tire. A trade term given to a form of tire armor 

 made of rejected or worn casings cut into short segments and 

 linked with a chain above the bead around a complete tiro. 



Cement. A general term referring to a substance or composi- 

 tion which causes bodies or materials to stick or adhere to each 

 other. As employed in tire making and repairing, a rubber com- 

 pound — rarely gutta pcrcha — virtually fused between two surfaces 

 to be united in vulcanizing, or a solution of rubber in a solvent. 

 The efficacy of cement is dependent on various factors, such as 

 the quality of the rubber, the mode of application, the cleanliness 

 of the bodies to be joined, the adhesive attraction of such bodies 

 for the particles composing the cement, etc. In tire building 

 and repair a general rule obtains that the cement stock should 

 be practically the same as the gum in the frictioned fabric or 

 other material of which the casing is made in order that their 

 curing time will synchronize, and defective union through under 

 or overcure be obviated. Pneumatic tire cements include: air 

 cure, acid cure, compound, dough, outer case, patching, plugging, 

 quick cure, rim, self-curing, solid and vulcanizing cement. See 

 .^ir Cure, Acid Cure, etc. 



Cementless Blanket. Repair stock in sheet form, usually 

 1/16-inch thick, to be cut as desired, made with a cured or semi- 

 cured backing and a facing of adhesive unvulcanized gum. 



Ce.menti.ess Tube Patch. A tube patch for emergency re- 

 pair, made of thin, feather-edged wafers of semi-cured rubber 

 with an unvulcanized rubber backing or "self-cementing" piece of 

 pure gum coated with air-drying rubber cement. See Self- 

 Curing Patch. 



Chafer Fabric. A light — usually 9J4 ounce — frictioned, woven 

 material applied as a strip over the bead extending from the toe 

 of the bead to a point Yz to J^-'^ch above the bead, and under- 

 lying the side-wall. 



Chafing. A term comprehending many forms and occasions 

 of tire and tulie trouble. Treads of casings may be chafed or 

 worn away abnormally through irregular contact with the road, 

 due to wheel misalinement, driving in street-car tracks, skidding 

 through too sharp application of brakes, and through contact 

 with a fender bolt. Side-walls may be chafed by grazing street 

 curbing, running in rough roads or through heavy sand, or from 

 uneven internal pressure caused by bulging of a casing under a 

 heavy load, or when tire is run fiat or underinflated. Fabric plies 

 of casings may be chafed by punctures, through sharp flexing 

 as when the tire is underinflated, by the admission of grit 

 through a break in the outer covering of the casing, or by ill- 

 fitting flaps or reliners. Tubes may be chafed when a bead toe 

 lifts under a load — a slight continuous motion soon nibbing away 

 part of the tube wall — through insufficient inflation whereby it 

 fails to tightly fill up the casing bore, or through the friction on 

 it of the ends or sides of a flap or relincr. 



Chafing Strip. See Chafer Fabric. 



Chain-Binding. Gouging and tearing of tires through exces- 

 sive use of chains and other anti-skid devices, or through ill 

 fitting of chains ; chain wear. 



Chain.s. Small rings or links of metal looped transversely on 

 a tire to arrest skidding and give added traction on slippery pave- 

 ments or on soft roads. 



Char-a-Bancs. a sturdy type of pneumatic tire generally 

 used in tourist service, especially on motor omnibuses and wagon- 

 ettes—char-a-bancs ; still largely of fabric construction and of 

 clincher type. 



Chfckerboard. a heavy, open-weave cotton fabric frictioned 

 and .skim-coated on both sides and used for breaker strips. See 

 Breaker Strips. 



Checking. A fault developed in tire side-walls whereby checks, 

 chinks, or minute cracks result, usually from underinflation, curb 

 abrasion, rubber aging, etc. 



Clincher Automobile Tire. .\ tire casing having springy, 



or in many types inextensible, outcurved beads with solid cores 

 \vhich engage the incurved flanges of a clincher rim so that in- 

 flation of the inner tube holds the casing firmly in place. The 

 clincher type is based upon the patent of William Krskine Bart- 

 lett, 1890, owned by the North British Rubber Co., Limited, 

 Edinburgh, Scotland, and sold, except shop rights, to the Dunlop 

 Pneumatic Tyre Co., of London, England. 



Clincher Bicycle Tire. A bicycle tire opeii on its inner cir- 

 cumference, the two sides of which have a circular bead or mold- 

 ing which fits into a corresponding groove around the wheel rim, 

 enabling the tire to grip the rim firmly when inflated. 



Clincher — Michelin Tire. A tire made by Michelin & Cie., 

 Paris, France, under contract (1903 J with the North British Rub- 

 ber Co., Limited, Edinburgh, Scotland, which had acquired the 

 original clincher tire patents of William Erskine Bartlett (1889 

 and 1890). In this tire the casing had a beaded edge fitting into 

 incurved flanges of a clincher rim, inflation of the tire holding it 

 m place. See Clincher Automo1)ile Tire. 



Closeo-Enu Tube. A butt-end inner tube used on bicycles and 

 motorcycles ; a non-continuous tube. See Butt-end Tube. 



Cloth Wrapping. See Bandage Wrapping. 



Cold Cure. The surface curing of rubber by the application 

 of a solution consisting of a mixture of chloride of sulphur and 

 bisulphide of carbon, patented by Alexander Parks in England, in 

 1846. See Vulcanization. . 



Cold P.\tch. Application of a gum patch to a tube with air- 

 drying or acid-cure cement in emergency repair. 



CoMBiN.\TioN Cure. A mode of vulcanization whereby a car- 

 cass with its side walls and top cover is first semi-cured, and ^hen 

 the entire casing — after the addition of cushion, breaker, under- 

 tread, and tread — is given a final cure. 



Combination Tread Stock. A repair stock consisting of tread, 

 cushion, and breaker strip formed into a single unit. See Carael- 

 back. 



Complete Section. A repair for blowouts, cuts, etc.. in which 

 the ply-cutting or stepping extends across the tire and the section 

 is built anew. See Full Section Repair. 



Compound. The rubber compositions used in treads, friction, 

 cushions, skim coats, side-wall, bead center and cement .gums. 



Compound Cement. A vulcanizing cement made of com- 

 pounded rubber, a typical formula being: fine Para gum 33 parts, 

 litharge 6 parts, and sulphur 3 parts, one pound being mixed with 

 a gallon of naphtha. 



CoMinjuND Specifications. Requirements set by the United 

 States War Department as to tire ingredients. See Specifications. 



Compression Inner Tube. A more or less puncture-proof 

 inner tulje having a thick wall and of greater cross-sectional diam- 

 eter than the space it is to occupy in the casing. When in- 

 flated, the walls compress a puncturing object tightly, thus pre- 

 venting the exit of air; and when the object is withdrawn the 

 compression automatically closes the hole. 



Consumers' Tires. As applied to motorcycle tires, sizes most 

 used, including 26 by 2'4, 26 by 3, 28 by 3, and 29 by ZVi. See 

 Sizes. 



Coordination. The perfect working together through equal 

 adherence, and unified resistance of the various tire parts. 



Cord Bicycle Tire. A bicycle tire, usually made of two plies 

 of cord fabric so laid as to form two continuous bands of rub- 

 berized cords about its entire circumference, each band lying 

 diagonally to the adjacent one and well insulated and cushioned 

 with rubber. 



Cord F.\bric. Carcass material made up of rubberized cords 

 in parallel and held in place with a few light "tie-in" cords. See 

 Fabrics. 



Cord Fabric Tire. A pneumatic tire, the carcass of which is 

 made up of cord fabric. 



Cord Patch. A built-up bias corj-fabric section vulcanized in- 

 side a cord tire casing for repairing small break? beneath a 

 tread. 



