NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 409 
The symptoms will be those of obstruction of the bowels. Upon post 
mortem examinations these stones will be discovered mostly in the large 
bowels; the intestines will be inflamed or gangrenous about the point 
of obstruction. Sometimes calculi have been expelled by the action of a 
physic, or they may be removed by the hand when found to occupy the 
rectum. 
As in concretions of the stomach, there can be but little done in the 
way of treatment more than to overcome spasm (if any exists), and to 
give physics with the hope of dislodging the stone or stones and carrying 
them on and outward. 
Intussusception, or Invagination. — This is the slipping of a portion of 
the intestine into another portion immediately adjoining, like a partially 
turned glove finger. This may occur at any part of the bowels, but is 
most frequent in the small guts. The invaginated portion may be slight 
— 2 or 3 inches only — or extensive, measuring as many feet. In intus- 
susception, the inturned bowel is in the direction of the anus. There are 
adhesions of the intestines at this point, congestion, inflammation, or 
even gangrene. This accident is most likely to occur in horses that are 
suffering from spasm of the bowel, or in those where a small portion of 
the gut is paralyzed. The natural wormlike or ringlike contraction of 
the gut favors the passage of the contracted or paralyzed portion into 
that immediately behind it. It may occur during the existence of almost 
any abdominal trouble, as diarrhea, inflammation of the bowels, or from 
injuries, exposure to cold, etc. A fall or leaping may give the initial 
maldirection. Foals are most likely to be thus afflicted. 
Symptoms. — Unless the invaginated portion of the gut becomes strangu- 
lated, probably no symptoms will be appreciable, except constipation. 
Strangulation of the bowel may take place suddenly, and the horse die 
within twenty-four hours, or it may occur after several days — a week 
even — and death follow at this time. There are no symptoms positively 
diagnostic. Colicky pains, more or less severe and continuous, are ob- 
served, and there may be at first diarrhea followed by constipation. 
Severe straining occurs in some instances of intussusception, and this 
should be given due credit when it occurs. As death approaches the horse 
sweats profusely, sighs, presents an anxious countenance, the legs and 
ears become cold, and there is often freedom from pain immediately be- 
fore death. In some rare instances the horse recovered, even though the 
invaginated portion of the gut has become strangulated. In this case 
the imprisoned portion sloughs away so gradually that a union has taken 
place between the intestines at the point where one portion has slipped 
into that behind it. The piece sloughing off is found passed with the 
manure. Such cases are exceedingly rare. Non-irritating laxatives, such 
as castor oil, sweet oil, or calomel in small doses should be given, and 
creolin in 2-dram doses in a pint of warm water. Soft feed and mucilag- 
inous and nourishing drinks should be given during these attacks. E. 
Mayhew Michener has operated successfully on a foal with intussuscep- 
tion by opening the abdomen and releasing the imprisoned gut. 
Volvulus, gut tie, or twisting of the bowels. — These are the terms ap- 
plied to the bowels when twisted or knotted. This accident is rather a 
