NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 487 
birth from compression of the naval cord and the arrest of its circulation; 
the detachment of the fetal membranes Irom the womb before the calf is 
born; a too free communication between the two auricles of the heart 
(foramen ovale), by which the nonaerated blood has mixed too abun- 
dantly with the aerated and induced debility and profound weakness; a 
condition of ill health and debility of the calf as a result of semistarvation, 
overwork, or disease of the cow; fainting in such debilitated calf when 
calving has been difRcult and prolonged; the birth of the calf with its 
head enveloped in the fetal membranes, so that it has been unable to 
breathe and the presence of tenacious phlegm in the mouth and nose, 
acting in the same manner. 
Besides the importance of proper care and feeding of the cow as a 
preventive measure, attention should be given at once to relieve the new- 
born calf of its investing membrane and of any mucus that has collected 
in mouth and nostrils. Wiping out the nose deeply with a finger or 
feather excites sneezing, hence to breathing. Blowing into the nose has 
a similar effect. Sucking the nostril through a tube applied to it is even 
more effective. Slapping the chest with the palm of the hand or with a 
towel dipped ,ii\ cold water, compression and relaxation alternately of the 
walls of the chest, may start the action, and ammonia or even tobacco 
smoke blown into the nose may suffice. Every second is precious, how- 
ever, and if possible the lungs should be dilated by forcibly introducing 
air from a bellows or from the human lungs. As the air is blown through 
bellows or a tube the upper end of the windpipe must be pressed back 
against the gullet, as otherwise the air will go to the stomach. In a 
large dairy a piece of elastic tube one-third of an inch in bore should be 
kept at hand for sucking and blowing in such cases. 
BLEEDIXG FEOil THE NAVAL. 
This may occur in two conditions — when the cord is cut off too close 
to the naval and left untied and when it tears off at the naval. (PI. XIV). 
It may also bleed when torn across naturally, if it is sucked by the dam 
or another calf. In an animal with little plasticity to its blood it will 
flow under almost any circumstances. Where any cord is left it is always 
safe to tie it, and it is only when it is swollen and may possibly contain 
a loop of the bowel that there is danger in doing so. By pressing up- 
ward any bulky contents such danger is avoided. If torn or cut too 
close to be tied the bleeding may be checked by applying alum copperas, 
or for a fraction of a second the end of an iron rod at a dull red heat. 
If much blood has been lost it may be requisite to transfuse several 
ounces of blood or of a weak common-salt solution into the open um- 
bilical vein. 
URIXE DISCHARGED THROUGH THE XAVEL (PERSISTENT URACHUS). 
Before birth the urine passes from the bladder by a special tube 
through the navel and navel string into the outer water bag (allantois). 
(PI. XII). This closes at birth, and the tube shrinks into a fine cord up 
