NINTH ANNUAL YEAR BOOK— PART X 491 
dram; distilled (or boiled) water, 2 ounces. Internally the calf may take 
5 grains quinia twice daily and 15 grains hyposulphite of soda, or 20 
grains salicylate of soda three times a day. 
UMBILICAL HERNIA (BREACH AT THE NAVEL). 
They may exist at a birth from imperfect closure of the muscles 
around the opening; it may even extend backward for a distance, from the 
two sides failing to come together. Apart from this, the trouble rarely 
appears after the calf has been some time on solid food, as the paunch 
then extends down to the right immediately over the navel,, and thus 
forms an internal pad, preventing the protrusion of intestine. 
Symptoms. — The symptoms of umbilical hernia are a soft swelling at 
the navel, with contents that usually gurgle on handling, and can be en- 
tirely returned into the abdomen by pressure. The diseases of the navel 
hitherto considered have not gurgling contents and cannot be completely 
returned into the abdomen. The only exception in the case of the hernia 
is when the v.alls of the sac have become greatly thickened; these will, 
of course, remain as a swelling after the bowel has been returned; and 
w^hen the protruding bov.'el has contracted permanent adhesions to the sac 
it is impossible to return it fully without first severing that connection. 
Treatment. — Treatment is not always necessary. A small hernia, like 
an egg, in a new-born calf, will usually recover of itself as the animal 
changes its diet to solid food and has the paunch fully developed as an 
internal pad. 
In other cases apply a leather pad of 8 inches square attached around 
the body by two elastic bands connected with its four corners, and an 
elastic band passing from its front border to a collar encircling the neck, 
and two other elastic bands from the neck collar along the two sides of 
the body to the two bands passing up over the back. 
For small hernias nitric acid may be used to destroy the skin and 
cause such swelling as to close the orifice before the skin is separated. 
For a mass like a large goose egg one-half ounce of the acid may be 
rubbed in for three minutes. No more must be applied for fifteen days. 
For large masses this is inapplicable, and with too much loss of skin the 
orifice may fail to close and the bowels may escape. 
The application of a clamp like those used in castration is a most 
effective method, but great care must be taken to see that all the contents 
of the sac are returned so that none may be inclosed in the clamp. 
Another most effective resort is to make a saturated solution of com- 
mon salt, filter and boil it, and when cool inject under the skin (not into 
the sac) on each side of the hernia a dram of the fluid. A bandage may 
then be put around the body. In ten hours an enormous swelling will 
have taken place, pressing back the bowel into the abdomen. When this 
subsides the wound will have closed. 
