682 IOWA DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 
seed that is in its highest state of development; furthermore, it must be 
thoroughly fanned and properly graded so that none but heavy and uni- 
form kernels remain, after which it should be carefully treated for smut. 
The old method of taking the seed from the bin direct to the field, without 
any previous preparation, is the leading cause why such low yields are in 
evidence. Some advocate obtaining an occasional supply of seed from some 
cool climate where it reaches its highest development. This is advisable 
if for any reason our grain shows evidence of running out, as is often the 
case in our climate. 
The preparation of the seed bed is next in importance. Upon investi- 
gation we find that most farmers give little or no previous preparation to 
tne soil before planting. The usual plan that is practiced is to plant the 
grain, then disc and harrow it in; or, in other words, prepare the seed 
bed after the planting. Then the farmer will wonder why his stand is 
streaky and so uneven. 
To obtain an eveii stand and unifonnity in ripening of the grain, we 
must have a well prepared seed bed previous to planting. In this section 
oats usually follows a corn rotation. Thereby we have to contend with 
the stalks, but by the use of a sharp disc little trouble is experienced. 
As oats do best on a firm seed bed it is not advisable to make it more 
than 3 or S^/^ inches in depth. This is usually acomplished by discing 
twice, giving it a half lap, following by double harrowing. This treatment, 
if properly done, will leave the ground in excellent shape for the disc drill 
to do first-class work. In sowing the seed, which is the last step, the use 
of a drill cannot be recommended too highly, as it places the seed in the 
ground at uniform depth into moist soil, and none is wasted as in broad- 
casting. 
After repeated tests in drilling and sowing broadcast, a difference is 
found 01 from four to eight bushels per acre in favor of the former. Sow- 
ing or drilling should be commenced as early in the season as conditions 
permit, as early planted fields usually produce the better quality of oats. 
Three to three and one-half bushels to the acre of ordinary size seed gives 
the best results; broadcasting and the large varieties of oats requiring 
more. It is important that the seed receives an even covering at a depth 
of from lYz to 2 inches. 
In conclusion we may again state that too much importance cannot be 
attached to seed and its proper preparation, as no matter how well we 
prepare the seed bed, or how we manage the time or method of planting, 
unless every kernel is of the highest mtaUty and is capable of producing 
a strong and vigorous plant, we cannot expect a bumper crop of oats. 
F. D. STEEX, WEST LIBEETY, IOWA — SECOND PRIZE. 
Oats are a grass of the cereal family. The grain or seed is edible and 
furnishes some of the most healthful of human foods. It is also best of 
feed for horses and other domestic animals. As a farm crop of Iowa oats 
rank second in money value, being surpassed by corn only. 
Oats for seed purposes should be well matured, clean, free from w^eeds 
seeds and fungus spores. They should be run through a good fanning 
mill to take out all small kernels and seeds. To do this a number of 
cleanings is necessary. Only good-sized, plump kernels should be sown. 
