Tafel.] 333 [October. 



their respective fluid consonants, as in church and Judge. The combi- 

 nations of this kind which occur in the English language are those of 

 the cerehral t and ah in cliurcJi ; of the cerebral d and zh m judge ; 

 of the dental t and th in width (for d before the blown or sharp tli 

 becomes t) ; of the alveolar t and s in hitSj which is spelled z in 

 German, and the alveolar d and z in needs, which is spelled z in 

 Italian. In the German language, moreover, we findp/in Pferd, and 

 in English by composition in hopeful, also hv in obvious, and in the 

 German, k/ or kcJi in Stiichclien. Among these, tsli and dzh are found 

 both as initials and finals, as in churcli, judge ; and as medials, as in 

 nature, soldier, dth, ts, and dz are only found as finals, as in widths 

 hits, needs, and bv and pf2iS medials in obvious and hopeful. It was 

 mentioned above that the hard consonants in English before a vowel 

 are naturally aspirated, i. e., a portion of the breath which is used 

 in exploding the articulating stations by striking against the surface 

 of the pharynx, assumes the form of the breathing sound h. In the 

 above combinations, after the several articulating stations have been 

 exploded, they are left ajar, and thus, instead of the letter h, the 

 corresponding fluid consonants of each station are produced. In the 

 case of the soft consonants, also, the sonant breath, ejected after the 

 explosion of the articulating stations, is moulded into their corre- 

 sponding sonant fluid consonants by leaving the articulating stations 

 ajar. The connection between these hard consonants and their cor- 

 responding fluid consonants is, therefore, as intimate as between the 

 hard consonants and the breathing sound h ; for, in each case, the 

 succeeding consonants are formed of the waste breath used in ex- 

 ploding the several articulating stations. When the fluid consonants 

 precede, the case is different, for there they only combine with the 

 initial element of the hard consonants, which consists in closing the 

 station ; and between this (which is entirely inaudible, except when 

 it is preceded by a vowel) and its second element, a small pause in- 

 tervenes. The combinations of this kind in the English language 

 are st, zd, tht, thd. The first of these, viz., .s^, occurs both as an 

 initial, a final, and a medial, as in still, fast, mystic, but the others 

 only as finals, as in prized, betrothed, breathed. The only word where 

 zd also occurs as an initial is sdeath, which is probably abbreviated 

 from God's death. The Germans are very fond of the combinatioQ 

 sht, both as an initial, a final, and a medial, but the French are so 

 much opposed to having their hard consonants preceded by fluid ones 

 that they frequently cast out s before t, e. g., etablir (establish), cta- 

 ble (stabulum), ctain (stannum), etancher (stanch), etoile (stclla), 



