till raji'ct inns, ('nUcoarcii.i ffohli,' and ('. caliiinl iix larvae, of 

 12 in (Ijitiloct phaliix cniiitnlii.s anil of Iti in I'ah riostiniiiiin 

 rul^ii. Siniilai- iilcnliliration of spocios of sti-onKyliii paiasitos 

 of slu'i'p lias ln'cn sliowa piacticalili' liy Dikiiians and Andrews 

 (lSi:i3) on the liasis of the intestinal eells of the third stajje 

 larvae. 



Intestinal nnelei of stroUK'vlins aie spliaeroid in sneli ex 

 freniely iHverKent forms as Osli rtaiiia aiul Slrdiimiliis while in 

 Ocxoiiliiiiitisldmiiiii, Sli iihaiiuriis, Auci/hixdiiiiii ami Kiiliciiilm 

 lus they are irreRiilarly elongate or even tulioid. There is 

 usually a slight, tluuiKli distinet, diminution in the mimlier of 

 insoluble spliaeroerystals both in the ventrieular and prereetal 

 regions of mendiers of the Strungylina; in sneh ri'gions the 

 lumen is often slightly larger ami the epitlu'lium thinner than 

 in the remainder of the intestine. Glycogen, storeil in the 

 endoplasm, ajipears to be the ehief food reserve. Like tylen 

 choids, however, there is relatively little absorjitive surface 

 in the strongylin intestine. 



Axctiriilina (Fig. 103). The Asearidina present a very dif- 

 ferent picture for this group is polycytous to myriocytinis. 

 Polynueleate eells are rare; they never constitute more than 

 a small proportion of the intestinal cells in a sjiecies. In- 

 .soUible sphaerocrystals ojipi^ir to be absent in the Oxyuridae, 

 Thelastomatidae, and K;itlilaniidac while they are present in 

 members of the Rliigoneniatidae, Ileterakidae, and Ascarididae. 

 The smaller representatives of the Thelastomatidae lliltiili' 

 c.nhi, I't iilialtihcUu.i) and Oxyuridae ( J/dcrac/.s) are polycytous 

 and isocytous while larger oxyuroids such as Oxi/iiris <'(iiii and 

 Entcrobitis vcrmicuhiri.s as well as rhigoneniatids, kathliuiiids, 

 heterakids, and ascaridids are myriocytous and anisoeytous. 

 Distinct ventricular enlargements are characteristic of the 

 polycytous oxyuroids such as Marraci.i, Bhitticiila. and Crphalo- 

 beUiis though such may also occur in some myriocytous forms 

 such as HcUrakis. In addition .sections of the intestine of 

 polycytous oxyuroids (also Spiroiioiim) show numerous large 

 vacuolate areas which correspond to f;it globules seen in the 

 living specimens. Passing to the myriocytous forms we find 

 the ventricular region less and less apparent with increased 

 cell number. There is also a marked tendency toward anisoeyty 

 manifesting itself in Rhifioiuma by the formation of an ob- 

 long lumen; in SpirDimurd by an I-shaped lumen formed by 



*Reg.>irdiiig Ci/lifocercus yiiWi Lucker (1938) .states that the lunieu 

 passes between the tirst three cells "through the cytoplasm of the five 

 posterior cells." He assures us that there are only 8 nuclei and 8 cells 

 in the third stage larvae. It still seems possible tliat he may have over- 

 loolted something. Compare figs. 100 C, 102 H .1. and figs. 99 C. 



two staggered liiiigit wdinal ridges (Mackin, l'.l3li; and in 

 lit li nil:i.s by .a triangular lunu'n or three longituilinal ridges 

 ( Hakcr, lii.'iii). Tuft or villus formation has been ile.seribed 

 as a further development of anisoeyty in Oxi/iiris iijiii by .Mar- 

 tini (I'.iKi); in this instance the tufts which are composed of 

 numiTous ei'lls may give a hexagonal ajipearance when seen in 

 toto (Fig. KiriK)." .Jagerskicild (1H<)3, 1.S!I4; described groups 

 id' elongate cells especially developed in the anterior part of 

 the intestine of ('(inlriifiwcum xpiciiUi/niim, of ('. Dxcnldtiim 

 and IliipliidiiiiCdri.i dicipiins ; such cell groups reduce the lumen 

 to a narrow, folded canal. Similar cell groups, according to 

 Cobb (1«K8), take the form of V-shaped ridges (Fig. \Ki\) in 

 Atiisiihis .siniplrr. Anisoeyty in Ascftris, on thi' other hami, 

 is limited in such a manner that the small cells are lateral 

 and the lumen, conse(|uently, takes the form of a dorsoven 

 trally llattened tube (Fig. 0(10). (llycogen constitutes the 

 chief stored food in Axrtiri.i according to Kemnitz (l!ll'J> and 

 Quack (llH.'f) while glycogen is absent in (Ixjiiiris according 

 to .Martini (liIKi) and this is in agreement with the writers' 

 lindings that fatty substances are the energy reserves of 

 oxyurids while ajipearing in negligible quantity in ascaridids. 



I'jilynucleate cells with two to three nuclei have been ob- 

 served upon rare occasions in Spironoitra but they appear to 

 be (piite common in the lateral areas of the intestine of As- 

 raris. Ehrlich (litOll) associated [lolynucleation in /l.irari.s 

 with niudear degeneration but Quack (lillH) was unable to 

 substantiate this view. Rather extensive studies of both nu- 

 clear and cytoplasmic "degeneration" have been made with 

 this form by Ehrlich, Quack, and Guieyssc-I'ellissier (IIIO!)). 

 Nuclear degeneration involves an enlargement of the nucleus, 

 increased basophily .■inil the formation of strongly refractive 

 sphaeroids (Fig. lO^N-Q) within the nucleus; these changes 

 are followed by elimination of the cell, or a portion of the 

 cell containing the nucleus, into the intestinal lumen. So- 

 called cytoplasmic degeneration (Fig. 10.3M) involves the for- 

 mation of an acidophilic mass, usually near the base of the 

 cell, inclusion of normal cytoplasmic sphaerocrystals within the 

 mass, movement of the whole toward the lunu'n and final 

 elimination. Martini (191(i) illustrated such elimination of 

 "degeneiate cells'' in Oji/nris. The regularity of the occur- 

 rence of "degeneration" in Ascaris leads one to suspect that 

 it is a normal physiologic process not necessarily retrogressive 

 in nature. Assuming that insolul)le sphaerocrystals are waste 

 products, "cytoplasmic degeneration" might be considered a 

 mode of excretion. In h'luibdias and Slrdnm/lus it has been 



Fio. 104. INTESTINE IN rilROM.VDUK 1 1).\ 



A-B — Sf/nonc-hiella trvncata. C — Monhj/fttern ramhnri. D — Aio- 

 nolaimus Hpinosun. E — W'ilsonptna hnriUivnruH. ¥ — Tripplium carcini- 

 rohiw V. calkiniti. G — Vorylahnopttfs metafypiru/t. H — AnaplectUH granu- 



Itiatis. I — HttUchtttinnlttimus rnhufitns, J — Ethytwlaimujt rfimlifnAis. 

 K — Ayionclni/t mirnhiliA. Ij — Chrnmadora sp. M — Stilanonrhuit vtnc- 

 rantpbidum. N — Chromadora sp. O — Chronognitter gracilin. Original. 



107 



