10 ART. 1— B. KOTO: 



lava-field, frequently crossing the canyon-like river-channel, and sud- 

 denly descends to Won-san at the above-named pass, which is the 

 edge of the basalt-mesa, and the boundary of two provinces. 



Thirdly, because this dividing line corresponds approximately to 

 that of the climate. North Korea in this respect Manchurian, while 

 the South is Japanese. The coast in the north is ice-barred for 3 

 months from the beginning of December. Even the south coast of 

 Eioang-häi Do is ice-barred as I have seen near Häi-jyu , while Ché- 

 mul-pho. though not far off, is never frozen up. However, the const 

 of Ham-gyöng Do is comparatively warm as far as the mouth of the 

 Tu-man Gang, and the shore is (men during the whole year. While 

 I was travelling. [ counted the days warm, when temperature rose to 

 — 5°C. During three winter months I did not see the naked ground, 

 and my caravan marched mostly on the smooth, frozen rivers, cover- 

 ed with fresh snows, especially on the Am-nok Gang. The average 

 temperature at 6 a.m. in North Phyöng-an Do is — 20°0. 



A great contrast with the above conditions is presented by the 

 climate of South Korea. I made a journey in this region during the 

 winter-months of 1900-'01, so that I am able to make a comparison. 

 Mountain-tops in the interior are capped with snow from December 

 t.. February, but the rivers are frozen for only a few days. As we 

 proceed south-east across mountain-ridges which trend from N.E. — 

 S.W., that is to say, in the Sinian direction the climate becomes 

 gradually warmer. Fusan' J \ therefore, enjoys a mild climate, com- 

 parable with that of northern Kyushu of Japan which lies opposite. 



Fourthly, because in respect to topography, North Korea is 

 mountainous. The belt of land between the Chyang-päik-san range 



'J i August, the hottest month of the year has an average temperature of 2&°C, and the 

 other extreme, January 7'C*. The mean annual temperature is 16.9°0. Snow falls only about 

 once ;i year. 



