•28 ART. r.— B. KOTO: 



Corresponding to these outcurves of coast-lines, we have numberless 

 coves, inlets and bays, the principal of which, counting from the east, 

 are the following- :— The twin bays of Chin-häi and Marsan-pho, north 

 of the Kö-chyüi Is., the Sea of Han-san-to, the 13ay of Yö-syu receiv- 

 ing the water of the Syöm-jin Gang, the incurves of Yö-chä and 

 Teung-nyang 2) on the east and west sides of the Heung-yang peninsula, 

 the harbour of Chyang-ching-no 3J , and lastly, the Gulf of Ma-ru 4) or 

 Washington. So numerous are the islands and islets here that I can 

 scarcely enumerate them. 



The complexity of the southern coast is the joint-result of the mountain- 

 building of the Korean and the Han-san Systems ; of the latter I shall 

 now speak somewhat in details. 



Broadly speaking, the System stretches E. N. E., sometimes due 

 east, and even bends a little to the south. There seems to exist a great 

 number of ridges, all being the edges of dislocation, in South Korea. 

 The earth- movement here took place on a less grand scale than in 

 the case of the two preceding systems, so as to give a pronounced 

 effect on land-physiognomy. I will select a few principal instances. 



i. The Pam-chhi Ridge. — This is a somewhat irregular ridge 

 starting from the north of Koang-jyu, and crossing the upper 

 Syöm-jin Gang near Kok-syöng. The Pam-chhi pass between Nam- 

 uön and Ku-ryoi 5) is its typical scarp facing the Nam-uon depres- 

 sion of erosion (50 m). It then pursues a north-easterly course 

 to the south of the Phal - hyöng - chhi pass and Ham - yang, 

 whence it can be traced as far as Koan-bin. A new scarp 

 begins at the south of Ham - yang, trending south-eastwards 

 cutting Chiri-san on the north; and San-chhyüng is situated at its 

 north foot, hence the place was formerly called' San-eum or the Moun- 



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