32 ART. l.-B. KOTO: 



frontier, perhaps after the model of the Great Wall of China, con- 

 structed B.C. 220 by Shi-hwang-ti of the Tsin 2) dynasty to ward off 

 the inroads of Huing-nu Z) from Inner Mongolia. It is stated 4) that 

 the so-called Wall of Yu-syo begins at Yong-man 5 -' at the mouth of 

 the Am-nok Gang and crosses through Wi-jyu 6) , Un-san 7) , Heui- 

 chhyön 8) , Yöng-uön 9) , Mäing-san I0) , Yo-dök n) of Yöng-heung 12) , 

 finally reaching the Sea of Japan at In-pho 13) in the Ham-heung 14) 

 district. 



During my journey I saw no continuous wall which might be 

 looked upon as the ruin of this fabulous engineering- work; but 

 I frequently passed strong stone-gates at strategically important 

 points, such as at the foot, and on the passes of mountains. On the 

 highway to China I have passed the double-roofed gates of Syö-rim- 

 chin I6) and Tong-nim-chin !C) on the south of Wijyu, on the passes of 

 0-jä-ryüng I7J , and Chhya-ryong 18) in Un-san, and Työk-yu-ryöng I9) in 

 Heui-chhyön, — all in North Phyong-an Do. Likewise there are many 

 such in North Ham-gyong Do. The Koreans seem to have availed 

 themselves of the natural defence of the mountain-ridges, and to have 

 fortified only the most important points. The Koreans were and are 

 still very nervous because of their past sufferings. They have to fear 

 enemies from both north and south. From the latter they have to 

 guard against the encroachments of the Japanese. Travellers will 

 see the towns fortified from Kang-uön Do all along the south coast, 



i) iêê^ 2) ^. 3) 



4) in Ko-ryö-sä CiÜjg&). 



• r >) ftiU (a nam«? given to the mouth of the Am-nok river or Ya-lu-kiang). 



6) $»H- 



9) $& 

 12) 

 15) 



18) $&. 



